Gender, Race, and Religion in the Colonization of the Americas Essay

Colonization is associated with the occupation of a foreign land. The definition of colonization is broad. However, it is used in the materialist and the traditionalist sense, rather than the metaphorical, to refer to the expropriation and exploitation of land and/or resources by one group over another. Various countries and continents fell under the York of colonization, and one such case is the African continent. The motivation for European’s colonization of different regions such as Africa was a combination of curiosity, missionary effects, scientific inquiry, exploitation of natural resources, and philanthropic desire to bring progress to Africa and its inhabitants. This is as per the definition of the Europeans. While Christianity and some desire to promote commerce were primary drivers of European interest in Africa, the dominating view was one of laissez-faire politics, assuming that contact with Europe and the desire to trade and interchange would stimulate African dev elopment. Beginning 1800 European powerhouses such as Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Germany, and the Netherlands expanded their rule and influence to different parts of Africa. This led to the rise of colonial rule that affected nearly all institutions, politics, and social settings including growth and control of certain industries, government structures, education systems and health practices (Udeze, 2009). In the early periods of the twentieth century, European governments were claiming sovereignty over all, but six of the roughly forty political units into which the African continent had been divided by European missionaries and exploration. By doing this, these countries had already begun to lay claim to African territory, and this may have been attributed more to their competition with each other in Europe as opposed to the desire of developing colonies. In large part, the main focus of the colonial powers was to extract resources from Africa such as ivory, rubber, ores et c etera. In the case of colonization in Africa, there has been a significant debate about the impact of colonialism in Africa. In the grand scheme of the continent’s history, the colonial era lasted a short time –less than a century. The Eurocentric scholars often gave the early accounts of the colonial period in Africa and they emphasized the positive impacts of colonization by focusing on the introduction of new technology, civilizing mission, medical advances, and the onset of modernity. On the other hand, the era of African nationalism resulted in the emergence of Afrocentric and Marxist analysis of colonization in Africa that was hardly sympathetic to the European point of view. In general, these studies concluded that the colonial era interrupted Africa’s natural development and condemned the continent to stagnation and continued exploitation. That being said, it is clear that colonization in Africa came with its fair share of positive and negative outcomes alike. The nature of economic activities promoted during the colonial period caused the spread of cash crop agriculture, which in some cases allowed Africans to acquire wealth and raise their standard of living. Economically speaking, colonialism fostered the construction of economic infrastructure –roads, railroads, telegraph, and ports. However, the purposeful emphasis on cash crop agriculture impeded industrial development in Africa. This is because European nations did not want industrial competition. Furthermore, Africa’s integration into a world economy resulted in a system that encouraged Africans to produce what they could not use and use what they did not produce, creating national economies extremely susceptible to an economic crisis. America is another classical example of countries that were subjected to colonialism. American was a former colony of the British. Some of the most heated debates about colonization in America concerned whether this was primarily a form of gradual emancipation and a conservative alternative to abolitionism, or whether it is understood as a racist movement that ultimately reinforced slavery in America. Through colonization, America was able to realize its economic potential and today it is one the leading economies across the globe. Furthermore, colonization in America led to the introduction of an employee benefits program that helps to add to economic stability whereby the income and welfare of American families are guaranteed (Yarema, 2006). However, it cannot go without saying that the colonization of America increased the widespread of slavery that is often considered as a negative impact of colonialism in America. A lot of people from Africa were shipped to America to work as slaves. In its most benevolent formulations, the colonization movement proposed that, due to prejudice within the United States, free blacks and those who worked as slaves could not experience the full benefits of freedom, equality, or citizenship in America. This acted as a catalyst for racism, and some African-Americans did agree that the best course would be to leave the country and start freshly in Africa. In other cases, slaveholders made colonization a condition of manumission, leaving African-American women and men with the choice between slavery and Liberia (Jaffary, 2007). Other than slavery, the other negative impact of colonization in America is that it was premised on the assumption that a multiracial republic could not function prope rly. Effects of one culture trying to colonize the other are bound occur in one way or the other. The subject of colonization in the African historical experience; should explain why every cultural trend discovered in Africa by later observers should not be simply tagged as original African culture and the tradition of the group living it; or of Africa as a whole. The strongest arguments are based on the dramatic change and twists inflicted on the original African culture by the acts of colonization by the West in the history of Black Africa. As a result of Europeans invading Africa on the pretext of exploration, this did not only retard the steady growth of the original African cultures, it created confusion, a distortion and a form of syncretism. Based on the incompatible nature of these two cultures, the Europeans amalgamated cultures indiscriminately. This act of colonization inflicted an enormous long-term suppression on the totality of the African cultures colonized, and effected an extensive implant of the colonizing foreign cultures that are better referred to as Western cultures. The act of one culture colonizing the other cannot escape the fact that culture is a man-made reality; thus, it is a product of man. Each culture has its specific imperfections. The situation becomes worse when one culture, with all its imperfections, imposes itself indiscriminately on another culture; thus permeates its victims with its own imperfections; hence, proliferating evil and imperfections (Rieder, 2008). Because of the indifference of these two cultures, the European colonizers treated Africa as only a vast extension of land mass and paid very little or no attention to the people occupying that land mass except when they could consider them as a commercial vehicle or as any other means and instrument of making their insatiable material cravings come to fruition within the grips of their fingers. References Jaffary, N.E. (2007). Gender, Race, and Religion in the Colonization of the Americas. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing. Rieder, J. (2008). Colonialism and the Emergence of Science Fiction. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. Udeze, B. (2009). Why Africa?: A Continent in a Dilemma of Unanswered Questions. Xlibris Corporation. Yarema, A. E. (2006). American Colonization Society: An Avenue to Freedom? Maryland: University Press of America. Source document

Comparative Research on Cross-Cultural Families Essay

1. Reference or bibliographic entry of your selected article in APA style (see example in the first assignment guidelines): Toro-Morn, M., & Sprecher, S. (2003). A cross-cultural comparison of mate preferences among university students; the united states vs. the people’s republic of china (PRC). Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 34(2), 151-170. 2. What are the aims and/or research questions of the study? The research of the cross-cultural study aims their question at comparing mate preferences of young adults in the People’s Republic of China and those young adults of the United States. This study correlates to the research done in 1998 by Goodwin, which examine the political and economic structure in a particular culture and the effect it had on relationships, in particular mate preferences. 3. What concepts or ideas did the authors want to study? How were they defined in the study? Read through the literature background or the introduction part. The article states the researchers have three concepts they wish to obtain from the study. One, within each culture analyzes gender variation in mate preferences. Second, differentiate the two cultures in which they are satisfied with gender differences in mate preferences. Third, differentiate the two cultures of the significance of diverse partner characteristics. The concepts were outlined and explain through a questionnaire to 648 university students in the United States and 735 university students in the People’s Republic of China. The United States questionnaire contained 422 females, 219 males, and 7 did not specify their gender. The People’s Republic of China questionnaire contained 343 females, 352 males, and 40 did not specify their gender. The questionnaire contained a section called â€Å"Traits Desired in a Mate.† Through the results, researchers could determine which traits were least and most important. Also the differences and similarities within each culture, including the mate preferences of women versus males within each culture. 4. Describe the participants of the study. Since you are supposed to choose an article of a cross-cultural study on families, the participants for this study should have different cultural backgrounds. What are these cultural backgrounds? What are the demographics of the participants? This study contained two different participants, our very own young adults from the United States and young adults from the People’s Republic of China. In the late 1970s, The People’s Republic of China began having social and economic reforms. Not only did they began having reforms, but these reforms stimulated the growth of social science research. Which as a result, allowed researchers to research the mate preferences of young adults in the People’s Republic of China. The People’s Republic of China is recognize as the largest country in the world. Thus, having an immense population. These people live in a country were social and historical forces play an important role in their expectations of their potential partner. In addition they live in a country were government enforces family polices. This study contain people who were currently in a university; thus their age would range from eighteen to twenty three. 5. What is the authors’ methodology? How did the authors collect their data? What are the measurements or research tools that they used? The author’s methodology is based on a method, a procedure, measurements of the procedure, and results. The author collected their data by a questionnaire given to university students in the United States and the People’s Republic of China. The measurements the researchers used were in a section on the questionnaire called â€Å"Traits Desired in a Mate† which determine what characteristics they found important in a potential mate. 6. What kind of analytical procedures did the authors use? Describe each as to how they can answer the research questions or achieve the aims of the study. The author uses three types of analytical procedures. They first gather their research by determining which of the twenty-five traits were most and least favored overall. They put this data into a table, which  portrays the importance rating for the total sample. Secondly, they compared the similarities and differences within each culture. As a result, they are able compare each culture traits that hold high or low importance and see if any of them are the same. Third, they compare the mate preferences for women and men in each culture. 7. What are their general findings and conclusions? The study concluded that participants would rather have a mate who is honest, kind, healthy, and have an energetic personality. Researchers found that participants felt that intrinsic personality traits were more important then status characteristics. Males were more entranced with attractiveness as a role in finding their mate. Well women in both culture were looking for men with earning potential and wealth. The major difference between the United States and Chinese cultures was the importance of having children to both parties. As you could imagine, it was important to the American culture and was fairly unimportant to the Chinese counterparts. 8. After the findings and conclusions, what recommendations were made by the researchers? I don’t know if there were recommendations made as much as thoughts for the future. The researchers though that the past has shaped both countries enough that what they look for in a potential mate will stay true. These differences between the two countries should still hold true, disregarding the fact that the Untied States culture is widely accepted in China. If anything they came to the conclusion that China’s one-child policy has a major effect on how the Chinese look for a mate. 9. What learning did you gain from this assignment or from reading this kind of a paper? I definitely enjoyed reading this particular article because it compared the United States culture (which is the country I lived in) to another culture, the People’s Republic of China. Through the researchers questionnaire, I was able to see the comparisons between the two cultures in their mate  preferences. I felt it was interesting to see how important social and economic factors are in other cultures.

Republic Day (India) Essay

Parades, distribution of sweets in schools and cultural dances In India, Republic Day honors the date on which the Constitution of India came into force replacing the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India on 26 January 1950.[1] The date of 26 January was chosen to honour the declaration of independence of 1930. It is one of the three national holidays in India. While the main parade takes place in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India (currently Pranab Mukherjee, the anniversary is also celebrated with varying degrees of formality in state capitals and other centres. India achieved independence from British rule on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led[citation needed] by the Indian National Congress. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c. 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations): India and Pakistan. [2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr.B. R. Ambedkar as chairman. While India’s Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period  of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later, it came into effect throughout the nation. Celebrations See also: Delhi Republic Day parade The main celebration is held in the capital New Delhi. Celebrations are also held in state capitals, where the Governor of the state unfurls the national flag. If the Governor of the state is unwell, or is unavailable for some reason, the Chief Minister of the state assumes the honour of unfurling the National Flag of India. On this day 26 January Indian flag is hoist by the Presidents of India and after that national anthem is sung by the all groups in the standing postion. India Will Celebrate Its Republic Day With Pride And A Faint Hope For The Mighty Lokpal Dr. Bikkar Singh Lalli On January 26, The Republic of India, world’s largest liberal democracy, rich in ethnic diversity, with over 1.3 billion people speaking hundreds of languages, will be celebrating its secular birth. Perhaps there is no better day than Jan. 26 to reflect on the opening words of the Indian Constitution, the document that enshrines the foundation of the world’s largest democracy begins with ‘We the People of India†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hopefully, on that day of joyous celebrations, caste, creed or religion for people of India, will not matter at all. It was January 26 of 1950 when the constitution of India came into force and India attained a sovereign status. The Preamble of the constitution seeks to establish what Mahatma Gandhi described as â€Å"The India of my dream: – —.woman will enjoy the same rights as man†. India will celebrate its 63rd Republic Day on Jan.26. Its supercharged economy has been the envy of the world. The dreams of Mahatma pay fi tting tribute to the people of a nation who, from all corners of the planet, are fuelling the spectacular growth of their homeland. During 2010-2011 alone India received $58 billion from Indian Diaspora. â€Å"The people of India, whether they live in India or elsewhere, are the engine of India.† For 2012 however, the economic forecast appears to be a bit gloomy mostly due to the turmoil in the global economy, especially in the Euro-zone Problems in the global economy and the  government’s inability to control corruption at home, will affect the government’s revenue-raising capacity in 2012. In fact, the Central excise collection fell by 6.5 per cent in November. That shortfall will affect the investment on infrastructure: like proper roads, power supply and railways that gives better opportunities to the poor to earn more. Thousands of villages remain with little or no power supply. Significantly, core sector industries (power, steel, coal, petroleum refining, electricity, cement, natural gas and oil) grew extremely slowly at 0.1 per cent in October 2011. The slowdown in the EU is also affecting Indian exports which grew only by 4.2 per cent in November 2011. Inflation, which is close to double digit again, will hit the poor hard unless food prices are brought down drastically. This economic melt-down will affect the poor most. Over 800 million Indians are living below the poverty line, and this year about 22 million more will be added to that number with the 2.8 per cent growth in population. For people in dire straight, republic day or for that matter any historical event has no real significance. Anna Hazare’s campaign against corruption is laudable. But, is it possible to cleanse the polluted polity and change the greedy mindset with the passage of a Lokpal Bill? You cannot legislate social change. The democracy, the super-watchdog which should deliver all-round accountability, has become extremely weak and wasteful in India. Election to five States has been announced. To curb irregularities, to fight corruption, the commission has announced steps to reduce the role of black money in elections The politicians accepting funds, for fighting an election, know that a quid pro quo (pay-back) is involved. There are also wealthy fighting elections using their own unaccounted funds. They pay off the party leadership to get nominations. For the elimination of corruption and other maladies afflicting Indian polity, what matters most is the moral and social climate of a country. If this climate is healthy, dry and dirty bushes would not come about. â€Å"The soil would support greener pastures which would throw up upright and earnest people who in turn would choose upright and earnest leaders. One would reinforce the virtues of the other. And the nation would move from clean to cleaner public life, from strength and stability to greater strength and stability.† Every party in power has played havoc with watchdog institutions so as to control them for its narrow ends. Democracy ought to have ensured accountability of institutions. Votes  should have weeded out corrupt but the opposite has been happening – the honest rarely win elections. There is a need for political movements that can change the national consciousness; a task being addressed by movement against corruption and for a Lokepal Unfortunately, no one in our national leadership is applying his or her mind to bring about this change. As log as an elected official is not answerable to the electorate in his/her constituency, corruption cannot be eradicated. In his address to the nation the Dr. Manmohan Singh, a man of impeccable integrity and vision, will give a very hopeful message to the nation, regarding the health of the nation’s economy. He has already announced his decision to allow qualified foreign investors (QFIs) to directly invest in the Indian equity marke t. In his address at the 99th Annual Session of the Indian Science Congress in Bhubaneswar (Orissa) on Jan.3, he said that: â€Å"As we head into the Twelfth Plan, there are some objectives we must try to achieve in the Science and Technology sector. First, we must ensure a major increase in investment in R&D, including by industry and strategic sectors. Second, we must ensure the creation of a new innovation ecosystem. Third, we must achieve greater alignment of the Science and Technology sector with the inclusive development needs of our nation. Fourth, we must expand basic science infrastructure. Fifth, we must encourage greater research collaboration among universities and national laboratories.† In order to compete with China, India has to do much more that what PM is aiming at. India has been seriously lagging behind in education. By 2012, it aims to educate as many as seven crore learners out of which six crore will be women. With more than 400 universities and over 20,000 colleges, the student enrolment in India has crossed 12.9 million in 2007 – 2008. Millions of children go to school every day. But for 10 million street children there, 50,000 in the streets of Delhi alone, there is no schooling and no home. They are either rag pickers or engaged in other hazardous jobs, and for them the word ‘secular democracy’ is â€Å"hopelessly meaningless† and redundant. It is estimated that there are 80-100 million children out of schools and are trapped in endless cycle of exploitation. Moreover, India has the dubious distinction of having the largest number of child workers in the world. They need protection, loving homes and good education. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, on Jan.10, described child malnutrition as â€Å"national shame† and said health, education  and sanitation sectors must collaborate to shape national response to the problem. â€Å"These sectors can no longer work in isolation. Health professionals cannot solely concentrate on curative care. Drinking water providers cannot be oblivious to the externality of their actions. School teachers need to be aware of the nutritional needs of adolescent girls,† he said after releasing a new research by Hyderabad-based Naandi Foundation on the status child malnutrition in India. According to that research 59 per cent kids are stunted and 42 percent are underweight. Solving malnutrition is in India’s self-interest with a huge economic return on investment. It is estimated that malnutrition costs the economy $29 billion per year in India. – as of reduced productivity and earning and increased health costs. Today, more than one third of the world’s undernourished children reside in India. A country where 79 per cent of the milk samples tested (Jan. 10, 2012, Delhi fared worst), were found to be either contaminated or diluted, cannot expect their toddlers to be in excellent health. Even with the most modern technology and access to medical facilities in most parts of the country, over four lakh newborn babies still die within 24 hours of their life in India, and 2 million children die before they turn the age of five. Most of these children die because of diarrhea, pneumonia, measles and post-natal; complications. According to India’s third National Family Health Survey of 2005-06, 70 per cent of children between six months and 59 months are anemic. Every day 1379 unborn babies are being killed. This is happening in a land where 33 crore gods and goddesses are being worshipped. As a fast emerging world power under the stewardship of a pragmatic academic and realistic visionary, India has started playing a very constructive role on the world stage. However, it has to tackle some very serious problems like extreme poverty, child labour, chronic corruption, infanticide, dowry murders, unacceptable inequality and fast growing population. These problems cannot be tackled without a collective resolve by Indian leadership. Let us congratulate the people of India on that momentous day. Let us all recall the quote from Tagore: â€Å"Where the mind is without fear and the head held high. Where knowledge is free and the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls†¦. let my country awake†.

Solve a Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Solve a Problem - Essay Example Although the entire job of banking has been carried out manually, the customers’ satisfaction has been the prime object of Vangi. A few years before, the operations were computerized in their main office and it did not lay any impact on the rural branches. Core Banking Solution (CBS) recently introduced by the Government among the Nationalized Banks currently covers Vangi also in its threshold. Vangi now faces the problem of meeting the challenges in connection with its sudden push into a national network of CBS. Entirely new and systematic conversion into the new system of CBS has put Vangi to cope with enormous pressure from all corners. The main problem faced by the Vangi is to hone the rural branches that were hitherto doing their jobs in a very limited sphere of their areas incorporating their accounts with Vangi. Although a specific time frame is allowed, Vangi considers the permitted time frame is not sufficient to actually plunge into the CBS network. When trying to untie the knots of problems encountered, a generalized thesis surfaces. Problems can be distinguished on any number of meaningful dimensions and the mental steps and solution processes we engage in may widely differ for different types of problems. (Frensch and Funke, ) All the above steps comprise two different ways to handle namely, convergent and divergent approaches. While the divergent approach covers all the possible and feasible findings in the course, the convergent approach facilitates fixing the hotspots thereby nearing the crux of any problem easy. The divergent thinking processes commonly lead to creative thinking. The process usually begins at a single point or with a single question but extend the search in many different directions generating a wide variety of new possibilities. (J. Treffinger et al, 2005) In the first step of Objective Finding, I come across some seven factors that are nearly related to the goal

CCI - Business Plannin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CCI - Business Plannin - Essay Example â€Å"Lean manufacturing is a manufacturing strategy that seeks to produce a high level of throughput with a minimum of inventory† (Blacharski, 2012). This way, both the direct and the overhead costs of the business are reduced since the products are manufactured and delivered only when they are required and in as much quantity as is required. This not only reduces the wastage of materials but also saves the company the cost of waste disposal. In addition to that, the reduced amount of waste has a positive impact on the company’s image in the eyes of the stakeholders and the public at large. Uncertainty is definite to come with innovation because wherever there is innovation, something not done before is being done. It might take some time for the business to derive the benefits of innovation, but the long term effects are definitely favorable and provide the companies with different kinds of competitive

Educational Policies on Undocumented Immigrants Essay

Educational Policies on Undocumented Immigrants - Essay Example During the 107th Congress in 2001, DREAM Act as a bipartisan legislation, was primarily introduced. Each year, there is evidence of a growing support for the DREAM Act. In the past years, it has gained 48 Senate cosponsors and more than 152 Republic and Democratic House Cosponsors. It has been approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee in 2003-2004 108th Congress, and again in 2006, the DREAM act passed the full Senate as part of a Comprehensive immigration Reform Act of 2006. Under this Act, undocumented students who finished high school will be provided of the opportunity to apply for a conditional status, which can be renewed to a non-conditional green card, granting that they attend college or serve the U.S military for at least 2 years. To be eligible for immigration relief under the DREAM Act, a student must have entered the U.S more than 5 years ago, before the age of 16 or younger and must be able to display good moral reputation. Each year, there are hundreds of thousands of undocumented high school graduates who qualify for the DREAM Act provisions. This population consists of students who were both born and raised in the United States, or students who at an early age were brought and raised by their parents to live in the country. Many of these students excel academically and have displayed unique talents in arts and sports. These are the students hoping to serve the future nation as bankers, educators and health providers. Despite having lived in the U.S for most of their lives, they are confronted with hindrances to obtaining college education, have difficulties finding legal and professional jobs in the U.S, and often have to endure continuous fear of being caught by immigration authorities. While there is currently an increasing support for the DREAM Act, still a number of opposing parties have vetoed. California Governor -Elect Schwarzenegger said he opposed the bill with an emphasis that providing educational benefits to illegal residents posts threats against the General Fund (Cassady).Given this Act, oppositions argue how it does not make logic to use taxpayers' money to educate a work force that is not legal to work in the United States. In contrast, out-of-state students of the country have to pay a full amount for education. This privilege to illegal residents at the expense of the taxpayers is not a good idea at a time when costs of tuition fee are increasing (Kobach). There are also allegations how the DREAM Act defies the federal immigration law. There is a constant concern that this policy might encourage more illegal immigrants to rush into the country and take away the privileges from U.S citizens. In addition, without legal residency, these undocumented im migrants, despite their college degree will find it difficult to obtain quality positions and will end up to lower-paying jobs that they could have acquired without a college degree. On the contrary, the light of the DREAM Act is viewed as an economic progress strategy to lower the increasing rate of undocumented student drop-out. Not helping students attend college will result to much greater costs in the

African american politic of social change Essay

African american politic of social change - Essay Example These factors include race and ethnicity, religion, gender, sexuality, class, age, migration status and disability or ability. Put simply, any inequality is never the product of a single, isolated factor. Rather it is the result of the intersections of various social factors, experiences, and power relations. This paper analyzes how two figures, namely Ida B. Wells and Amy Marcus, understood and utilized intersectionality as a lens through which to analyze events and as a political tool in the pursuit of the broader goals of their respective movements. The analysis is undertaken in the historical settings of their efforts. In addition, their specific events, writings, and actions are assessed as a way of conducting the analysis. Ida Bell Wells was an African-American woman who lived between July 1862and March 1931. In their career life, Wells worked as a journalist, a newspaper editor, a suffragist, a sociologist and as an initial leader in the civil rights movement. As a journalist, Wells documented the lynching of blacks in the United States (Bressey 1). They demonstrated that it was a way of controlling blacks who displayed opposition to whites in any sphere of life. The lynching was usually done on the pretext of rape charges (Logan 50). Being an active leader of the civil rights movement, Wells established many leading womens organizations across the United States. These included the National Association of Colored Women which Wells founded in 1896 and the Women’s Era Club. The latter became the first civic organization for black women. Moreover, Wells co-founded the National Afro-American Council. Wells was endowed with public speaking skills and spoke at several international civil rights even ts. The African-American Civil Rights Movement comprised several social movements across the United States. The goal of the movement was two-fold: first, the movement sought to bring to and end

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment Relations - Essay Example In that context, New Zealand’s Accident Compensation Act 1972, and the subsequent 1973 amendment to this Act framed the scope and ramifications of the country’s accident compensation policy. The 1972 Accident Compensation Act covered both the motor vehicle injuries and also non-work and work injuries. The 1972 Accident Compensation Scheme tended to affiliate to a salubrious array of rationales like pursuing a no-fault approach towards accident compensation and eliminating the time consuming and wasteful dependence on legal ways in the area of accident compensation, to extend multiple benefits to accident victims that included medical expenses, rehabilitation associated costs, payments related to permanent loss, earnings associated compensations, etc (Palmer, 1994). Background Prior to the envisaging of the 1972 Accident Compensation Scheme, New Zealand had a compensation system that was akin to what existed in the rest of the world. However, the nation soon realized tha t the tort based compensation policies were replete with varied undesirable consequences and results. Eventually, it was the Royal Commission on Worker’s compensation that proposed sweeping changes in the accident compensation policies in 1966 (Foley, 2008). The recommendations made by the Woodhouse commission recognized varied general principles related to compensation like enhancing the administrative efficiency in the area of accident compensation, bringing in community onus and responsibility in the arena of accident compensation, making the concept of accident compensation to be broad based to include varied costs like rehabilitation, pay losses and lump sum payments and ameliorating the disadvantages and efficiencies associated with tort based accident compensation (Foley, 2008). The essential crux of these recommendations was to associate accident compensation from Tort claims and to make way for the compensation of injuries irrespective of the related fault, including the fault of the person who gets injured. Rational Behind 1972 Accident Compensation Scheme It goes without saying that the 1972 Accident Compensation Scheme was a trend setter in the sense that it was perhaps one of the first few compensation policies in the world to take into cognizance a series of rationales associated with accident compensation and tried to do away with the flaws incumbent on the previously existing policies and systems (Malcolm & Barnett, 2007). The 1972 Accident Compensation Scheme took into consideration the human, social and financial ramifications of the compensation related claims and made way for covering the injuries irrespective of who so ever happened to be at fault (Malcolm & Barnett, 2007). This policy to a large extent did away with the need for engaging in costly, time consuming and unsatisfactory processes aimed at seeking compensation through courts. This scheme also tried to mitigate the emotional and physical trauma associated with injuries by allowing for the prompt and timely rehabilitation and treatment of accident related injuries (Dewees, Duff & Trebilcock, 1996). The 1972 Accident Compensation Scheme also diluted the financial losses and pain inflicted on the impacted individuals by allowing for

Theme and Narrative Elements in the Short Story Research Paper - 1

Theme and Narrative Elements in the Short Story - Research Paper Example Thus, Eudora Welty abruptly and effectively introduces the time of year (December) and the geographic location (the South) at the beginning section of the story, apart from identifying the main character, an old Negro woman (Phoenix Jackson). Setting plays a crucial role in Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† as it is effective in stimulating the reader’s imagination at the initial stage of the story. In fact, the opening five paragraphs of the story offer an introduction to the setting and the readers are carried away to the world of the narrative. â€Å"It was December—a bright frozen day in the early morning. Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied red rag, coming along a path through the pinewoods. Her name was Phoenix Jackson.† (Welty, 1941). This is the way the author opens her story and a detailed description of the character follows in the succeeding sections. It is important to recognize that the setting of the story i s a rural, a cold, early morning in December in the South. A careful analysis of the setting of the story confirms that the storywriter effectively puts boundaries around the action when she introduces the South as the geographic location and December as the time of year in which the action occurs.

Questions based on evolution and definitions Essay

Questions based on evolution and definitions - Essay Example Batesian mimicry which is a natural selection that favors the non-poisonous butterflies due to their similarity in their color with the poisonous butterflies is an example of a negative frequency-dependent. Positive frequency-dependency is seen in morph butterflies that are within the same species but have a different color pattern. Linkage disequilibrium arises when the genotype of at two loci is independent of each other and is as a result of Mutation, Random drift and Gene flow. It can be maintained by inducing mutation, random drift or gene flow in a generation. Deterministic forces are referred to as linear pressures due to their tendency to of pushing alleles frequencies in one direction which is either up , down or towards the middle. Important forces that take place in such a situation include selection, mutation, gene flow, meiotic drive and nonrandom mating. However, stochastic evolutionary force is the genetic drift that takes place due to random sampling of individuals and genes in small populations. Both are important because they lead to evolution as they cause changes in the genetic makeup of any population. The variance of reproductive success is usually higher among males than the females because the male sperm runs faster than the female, but dies faster than the female. The effect of this is more females in the society as a result of higher chances of having a female offspring. In situations when nonrandom processes overwhelm the random processes, it leads to low levels of variation which cannot be reconstructed over ecological time scales. Moreover, variation can arise from mutation and recombination. Since selection can remove variations from a population, genetic drift takes place. Antagonistic pleiotropy is a situation whereby the one gene controls foe more than one trait where at least a single of these traits

Hinduism, buddhism and sikhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hinduism, buddhism and sikhism - Essay Example his seven dimensions of religion.These are;practical or ritual,experiential or emotional,narrative or mythical,doctrinal or philosophical, legal or ethical,social or institutional and the material/artistic dimensions. In Hinduism, offerings and petitions are practices which enable them to connect to divine powers so as to solve their problems at the same time fulfilling their desires. Similarly, the Buddhist engage in detailed prayers which are intimate to show dedication to God. The Sikhs engage in a disciplined way of life of Naam Simran which is a way to meditate on God’s name. Hindus of all levels in society perform artistic dance, drama, music, poetry and representational arts and also practice cylindrical festivals which are sacred. Buddhas evoke Sangha to spread Buddha teachings after which the dharma students perform three bows or the three gates (body, tongue and mind). The palms of their hands, knees and forehead should touch the ground to signify earth, water, fire, air and space. The Buddha students bow during prayers with folded hands to signify Buddha of the past present and the future. The Sikhs live a disciplined life and no benefits are gained no matter where one is born since they all have to meditate (by reciting Gurbani and Kurtan which are music hymns) and give selfless service (by doing manual work at the Gurdwara e.g. cleaning dishes and floors) and wear Kesh, Kanga, Kaccha, Kara and Kirpan (Llewellyn 6-18). This refers to feelings and experience of various religions which incorporate stories of how their leaders experienced contact with either divine beings or energies. In Hinduism, Hindus assume to be concerned with spiritual enlightenment or the ultimate act of liberation (moksha). The urban elite and the rural Hindus dedicate their time and energy to obtain prosperity. In Buddhism, the most important emotional experience is meditation that enables emotional awareness and enlightenment. For instance, the Buddha connecting with the

Galileo Galilei Essay Example for Free

Galileo Galilei Essay Galileo Galilei is an Italian astronomer, physicist, philosopher, and mathematician. He ranks with Archimedes, Newton, and Einstein as one of the greatest scientists of all time. His discoveries, made with the crudest of equipment, were brilliant examples of scientific deduction. Galileo’s studies of natural laws laid the groundwork for the experimental scientists who followed him. Galileo was born at Pisa, the son of a musician who planned a medical career for him. He began studying medicine at the University of Pisa. According to legend, Galileo made his first major discovery at this time. He is said to have used his pulse to time the swinging of a suspended lamp in a cathedral; he found that, no matter how far the lamp swung, the timing has always the same (Drake, 2002). In later life Galileo established the fact that a free-swinging object, or pendulum, moves in uniform time intervals. Pendulum clocks are a common application of this principle. Thesis Statement: This paper scrutinizes the life and contributions of Galileo Galilei. II. Discussion Galileo constructed the first telescope used for astronomical observations; the observations he made supported Copernicus’ theory that the sun is the center of the solar system. In physics, Galileo discovered the principles of motion followed by swinging pendulums, falling bodies, and flying projectiles. Galileo used his heartbeat to time the period of a pendulum. He realized that a pendulum could be used as a standard of time for a clock (Rose 2004). Pendulum clocks are still sold today, more than three hundred years after their invention. Moreover, changing from the study of medicine to that mathematics and natural science, Galileo conducted experiments on gravity that brought him to public attention. In 1589, he became a lecturer on mathematics at the University of Pisa, and began his studies of falling bodies. According to legend, as mentioned earlier, he dropped objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to prove his theory that bodies fall at the same speed and with the same acceleration regardless of their weight and size. He also demonstrated that projectiles follow a parabolic path. These discoveries were contrary to the teachings of the ancient Greek scientist and philosopher Aristotle, many of whose ideas had for centuries been accepted without question. Galileo aroused such opposition that in 1951 he was forced to resign from the university (Rose 2004). The next year Galileo obtained a professorship in mathematics at the University of Padua, where he remained for 18 years. This was a period of successful research, acclaim, and prosperity for Galileo. In 1609, Galileo received news of the invention, in Flanders, of a device that made a distant objects appear larger. He immediately set out to build such a device for himself. The final result was a 32-power refracting telescope, with which he made series of major discoveries (Poupard 2005). He found by observation that the moon shone only from reflected light; that the Milky Way was formed of a multitude of stars; and that the planet Jupiter was circled by several moons. His discoveries caused great excitement among astronomers; he was besieged with orders for telescopes. In 1610, Galileo left Padua for Florence to become official mathematician and philosopher to Grand Duke Cosimo II de’ Medici. By the end of the year his telescopic discoveries included the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, and sun spots. His observations clearly confirmed the theory of the Polish astronomer Copernicus that the earth and planets revolved around the sun. The church, however, had accepted as conforming the Bible the earlier idea of the planets and sun revolving around the stationary earth. When Galileo visited Rome in 1611 he was given a welcome by Church officials befitting one of the greatest astronomers of all time, as he was then acknowledged to be. This gave him the courage to announce his support of the Copernican theory of the solar system. Controversy flared. Although warned by the Church to avoid religious interpretation of his theory, Galileo attempted to prove it by quoting the Bible. He was told by the Church in 1616 to abandon the Copernican theory because it contradicted the Bible. In 1632, however, he published Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World, in which he revived his argument in favor of the Copernican system. Galileo was then summoned to appear before the Inquisition and forced to renounce the view that the earth moves around the sun (Poupard, 2005). Although sentenced to imprisonment, he was permitted to retire to his home, where he continued his studies. III. Conclusion As a conclusion, Galileo Galilei made great contributions to our society through his invention and discoveries. His works are highly acclaimed and made significant impact in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, and in sciences. Reference: Drake, Stillman (2003). Cause, Experiment, and Science: a Galilean Dialogue (University of Chicago) Poupard, Paul (2005. Galileo at work: Toward a Resolution of 350 Years of Debate, 1633-1983 (Duquesne University). Rose, Sidney (2004). Galileo and the Magic Numbers (Little, Brown).

Malaysia Airlines System Berhad Mas Commerce Essay

Malaysia Airlines System Berhad Mas Commerce Essay Malaysia Airlines System Berhad is founded as Malayan Airways that the government-owner flag carrier of Malaysia. MAS operate flights in Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Middle East and in the Kangaroo Route between Australia and Europe. Others operation that MAS provide to their customer is MASkargo, MASCharter, and MASswing. Apart from the MAS airline the group also includes aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) and aircraft handling. MAS have two airlines subsidiaries is Firefly, MASKargo and MASwings. The management that make many change in their structure organization to improve the productivity on employees performance and customer satisfaction. Starting in 1997 MAS get unprofitability and the top management and government should take action to solve this problem. And, MAS make a decision to make managing change to increase the profitability and can increase productivity. Most CEOs or managers in the organization consider to be make managing change to their management to improve the performance and productivity either to employees or organizations. Change perspectives describe the fundamentally different event sequences of change involvement, or what can be thought of as motors of change. Managing change is the systematic approach to dealing with the change from perspective of organization or individual. The goal of managing change is to make improvement in the performance of an organization as fast as possible and increased organization effectiveness. Moreover, when make a managing change has a purpose to achieve the goals. The purpose of change is to make organization more productive by finding ways of supporting or developing its competitive advantages. Before make managing change in MAS, the management should have a purpose for the management and employees can achieve what they want to be success. The purpose of MAS is to make airline market has become more competitive with the rapid increase of the low cost carrier (LCC) segment, continued growth of the Middle Eastern full service carriers and revival in the fortunes of Asia full service carriers. The objectives, MAS plan to move they to profitability by 2013, as well as a set of game changers to sustain our performance and create a platform for continued growth for MASs in future. FACTORS FOR CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN MALAYSIA AIRLINES Starting from 1997, Malaysia Airlines (MAS) sustain financial problem because of unprofitability on the services and at the same time financial government have a big crisis is recession unemployment. The problem that MAS faced lasts until 2011 and the management and government find many ways to changing the management structure to improve profitability. The factors managing change that MAS contribute is:- 1. Corporate Culture On 1 December 2005, MAS a new CEO appointed Idris Jalal, to manage the management, the change that be contributed is to execute changes in operations and corporate culture. Corporate culture is the culture of each organization is unique, shaped by the values and beliefs of those who work there. As it evolves and takes shape, culture works to coordinate and control behavior, action and decision making within organizations. CEO Idris Jalal, launched its Business Turnaround Plan to improve poor yield management and an inefficient route network. With a new plan has implemented to the organization, it will then lead to a change in culture, beliefs or norms. Coincidentally, it will drive to an innovation in the operational structure to meet parallel with the organizational goals. Otherwise, the new CEO was involve setting up of several new business units, and the re-naming of existing functions as well the introduction of new leaders to pursue other career opportunities. With re-naming or re-branding again the product and services in MAS its can get a new image and the impact of the changing is to give a positive affect toward the management and operational structure. Among business plan that be changing in MAS:- a. Network, alliance, strategic planning is the implementation a new division will support the effective of groups network to meet the lively needs and to influence a strategic alliances and partnerships with other airlines. b. Programme Management Office is the organization was driven implementation, alignment and tracking of a key initiatives and activities to be supported the changing business plan and try to maximize the values of organization. The management office plan also can be improved the productivity of employees and increased the organization performance based on the strategy structure that be produce. c. Communication will be renamed strategic planning. The new organization structure proceeds with the departure of several leaders of the MAS team, the good leader is know how to communication with the employees. The effectives communication in organization will be make employees easy to make a changing in organization. 2. Collaboration with AirAsia. Malaysia Airlines (MAS) collaboration with AirAsia on 2011 to solve the problem that they faced and increase the profitability, productivity and performances. The meaning of term collaboration is working together to achieve a goal and objectives. The process where two or more organization work together to realize shared goals to reach an identical objectives. MAS and AirAsia, they will sharing knowledge, learning can be social within organization. CEO AirAsia says the collaboration between this two company airlines is to improve the productivity and performance of two company airlines and the main factors is to help MAS get profitability in business plan. Collaboration part of managing changing for the organization liked MAS that have a problem in the management structure get solve the problem in other ways under a new leader or CEO. CEO AirAsia says, MAS will need to more focus on rebranding exercise as on way for the national turnaround. In term rebranding products and services there are huge opportunities for MAS to invest in brands, especially to getting people to know more about the airlines. This collaboration also can help organization strategic structure with MAS management can implemented the AirAsia strategic structure into the organization. But, when to implement a new strategic structure into MAS, employees should absorb a new culture and values. The organization change in MAS will used a new vision, mission, and objectives to increase the productivity based on achievement they make it. Working together will benefits all of employees, improves individual cost structures and could lead to greater efficiencies. 3. Continuous Operational Improvement Continuous operational improvement is the process which changing to be continuity to make sure the organization can achieve the goals and objectives. The preferred premium carrier in the region should be lined with the organization vision, it will be making substantial changes to MAS operations to excel on three key dimensions, there are, commercial effectiveness, flight operations and cost management. MAS goals is to achieve the highest customer satisfaction while improving their revenues and operating as efficiently as possible. The improvement that MAS make is flight operations, where they are getting brand new aircraft and ground equipment that will provide a strong in this area. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION As conclusion, to sustain the improvement changing that be done in MAS, it must have a good strategic structure. Corporate culture is most important in doing changing in organization, because it can include how people in a company are likely to act in given situations both inside or outside the organization. The corporate culture has been implement in MAS is re-naming or re-branding the image of MAS; networkings, alliance, strategic planning; programme management office and communication will be renamed strategic planning. It is influence service quality and the way in which people are treated, whether customers or clients. In make the changes, MAS collaboration with AirAsia for strengthen the position in airlines areas. The collaboration with AirAsia, to expose MAS try moved forward to changing they position and the AirAsia try to help them to make changing in terms of sharing knowledge, learning a new structure, rebranding, absorb new structure and values. MAS try to continuous ope rational improvement and to do extremely well on three key dimensions, there are commercial effectiveness, flight operations and cost management. Managing change in MAS to help them to increase the productivity and performance for can achieve goals of organization. RECOMMENDATION Managing organizational change will be more successful if the organizations apply the continuous improvement. Many factor continuity and change the organization can apply in MAS. Apart from the factor can be recommended to Malaysia Airlines for continuous they can use an analytical framework. The purpose is to provide a base for conceptualized the relationships between the numerous constituents of change management. In an analytical framework, MAS will make much change in the organization, so they should maintaining change that they make it. Maintaining change is the last step in an analytical framework; MAS consider the necessary and sufficient requirements for ongoing change, exploring the process of measuring and evaluating change and examining issues of sustaining change.

The risk factors for breast cancer

The risk factors for breast cancer INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in Malaysia with an overall age-standardized incidence (ASR) of 46.2 per 100,000 population [1]. The incidence of breast cancer differs among Malaysia states; it is the most common cancer among women in Penang, followed by Sabah [2]. However, there is no previous study on risk factors associated done in Penang before. Determining the risk factors of breast cancer helps to identify women who may benefit most from screening or other preventive measures, also offers hopeful promise of modifying those factors, thus preventing breast cancer occurrence. Many risk factors of breast cancer have been found and many of them have been recognized as established factors. Advancing age is one of the most important factors [3]. Reproductive factors like timing of menarche and menopause, parity play a major role in breast cancer incidence [4, 5] . Also, lifestyle factors like alcohol consumption [6-9], high fat diet [10-14] and smoking [15-17] have been identified by many studies as risk factors for breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the socio-demographic factors, family history, reproductive factors, the life-style factors and external factors with the occurrence of the breast cancer among the study population. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study design A matched case-control study was conducted in Penang General Hospital, Penang Island, Malaysia between 20th November 2009 and 22th January 2010 using a standardized questionnaire that designed into two languages: English and Malay. Both cases and controls were matched by age group and ethnicity. Sample size was calculated according to that reported by CARIF-UM (Release New Malaysian Breast Cancer Genetic Study) which stated that 14% of breast cancer patients in Malaysia who have family history of breast cancer [18] and the relative risk for strong family history ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 [19] , the minimum sample size was 149 patients per group. Ethical Approval Our study was approved by Clinical Research Centre and Medical Research Ethic Committee of Ministry of Health Malaysia. Considering the ethical issues, written consent was signed by each case and verbal agreement for interview participation was obtained from all control subjects. All the personal information collected was considered confidential. Data Collection The cases were recruited from a convenience sample of prevalent breast cancer women who attended the oncology clinic, day-care chemotherapy center, oncology ward, and the surgical ward during the period of conducting this research. Women with confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer histologically regardless of the stage and met the following criteria; above 20 years old, non-pregnancy, without any gynecological problems (e.g., artificial menopause by hysterectomy), hormonal and psychological problems, were called for interview. Only one patient refused to participate. Our controls were non-breast cancer women who attended the outpatient clinics and outpatient pharmacy during the same period. Women who are non-pregnant, matched by age group and ethnicity to the cases recruited, without any malignancies, gynological, hormonal and endocrine, and psychological problems are eligible to be our controls. Statistical Analysis All data entry and analyses were conducted using SPSS version 15 Microsoft program. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables, frequencies and percentages for categorical variables were used to describe the study population. Crude ORs with 95% CI were calculated using simple logistic regression models that examined the association between breast cancer status and risk factors. Significant independent variables with P values RESULTS In all, 300 women within two groups were interviewed; 150 women with breast cancer and 150 control women without breast cancer. The means  ± SD age of cases and controls were 52.81  ± 11.13 years (range 23-83 years) and 52.40  ± 11.52 years (range 22-78 years), respectively. Statistically, there is no significant difference between cases and controls in term of age (P value= 0.75) and race frequency (P value= 1.00). Among each cases and controls group, 34.7 % were Malay, 50.7 % were Chinese, 14.0 % were Indian and 0.7 % were other races. Socio-demographic Risk Factors The results of socio-demographic risk factors obtained from univariate logistic regression analysis summarized in Table 1 showed that lower educational level and occupation were significantly related to breast cancer risk (P Family History Family history of first degree relative with other types of cancer (nasopharyngeal, ovarian, Lung, bladder, stomach, or colon cancers) increased the risk significantly (P Reproductive Risk Factors According to the reproductive factors (Table 3), women with late ages at menopauses (= 55 years old) (OR=2.8, 95%CI: 1.18 6.67), or history of menstrual irregularity (OR= 3.2, 95%CI: 1.00 10.08) or who had never breastfed (OR= 1.74, 95%CI=: 1.09 2.76) were more likely to have breast cancer. The protective effect of breastfeeding found to be a duration dependent; women who had breastfed for only few months had a higher risk by 1.51 ( 95%CI: 0.83 2.77) compared to breastfed women for a total of more than 1 year, and the risk increased in non-breastfed women to 2.08 (95%CI= 1.22 3.57). Nevertheless, no statistically significant association were observed between breast cancer and the age at menarche, number of children (parity), age at first full term pregnancy, number of abortions and menopausal status. Life Style and External Risk Factors Breast cancer risk ratios were higher for women who had a history of benign breast disease (OR=2.8, 95%CI: 1.13 6.88) and who had never practiced low fat diet (white meat, white fish, skinless chicken and avoid deep fried food) (OR=1.81, 95%CI: 1.14 2.86). However, other lifestyle factors like; smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI = 25 kg/m2) and external hormone use, like OCP and HRT were not significant statistically to be risks for breast cancer. Multivariate Results Among all factors included in the multivariable model (Table 5), occupation, breastfeeding and practicing low-fat diet play important protective roles against breast cancer; unemployed women (adjusted OR= 2.7, 95%CI: 1.59 4.61), never breastfed women (adjusted OR= 1.94, 95%CI: 1.15 3.27) and never practiced low-fat diet (adjusted OR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.18 3.27) were found to be associated with breast cancer risk as statistically significant independent factors. Other factors contributing to breast cancer risk were: family history of distant relatives with breast cancer (adjusted OR= 3.70, 95%CI: 1.48 -9.20) and first degree relatives with other cancers (adjusted OR= 5.27, 95%CI: 1.38 20.1). Also, women with histories of benign breast disease (adjusted OR= 3.14, 95%CI: 1.17 8.40) and menstrual cycle irregularity (adjusted OR= 4.94, 95% CI: 1.42 17.26) were more likely to have breast cancer. OCP use was significantly related to breast cancer risks; however, this was not related to the duration. While using OCP for 5 years increased the risk by only 3 times (95% CI: 1.02 9.00). DISCUSSION In a pooled analysis of 150 breast cancer cases and 150 non-breast cancer controls, associations between breast cancer and various demographic, reproductive, and lifestyle factors were examined. Both cases and controls were chosen intentionally from the same hospital during the same study period. The risk of breast cancer has been reported to be associated with socio-demographic status [24-26]. Age is a very important risk factor; it was found that breast cancer incidence generally increases with age. The mean age at diagnosis for all breast cancer patients is 50.7  ± 11.0 years. The peak age reaches between 40 and 49 and thereafter the number of breast cancer patients decreases quite dramatically with only 4.0% above 70 years old (Figure 1). Also, only 2.0% of cases were diagnosed below the age of 30 which is consistent with Singletary findings [3]. According to the other socio-demographic factors studied, higher level of education has a protective effect (P Occupation status also plays an important role as a protection factor against breast cancer in both univariate and multivariate analysis (P Family history is an important factor in our population; an adjusted OR of 3.7 (95%CI = 1.48 9.2) was found for women with a distant relative with breast cancer, which is within the OR range reported by previous literature [19, 37] and higher than that reported by others [3, 38]. However, having first degree-relatives with breast cancer is not significantly related to the breast cancer risk (P > 0.05). This may be explained partially because of the high frequency of controls (7 of 150 controls vs. 16 of 150 cases) that had first-degree relatives with breast cancer. Such a high number of family histories in controls may result in an underestimation of increased risk due to the family history. Furthermore, history of first degree relatives with other cancer (gastric, pancreatic, colon, lung carcinoma.etc) is significantly more frequent in patients than in controls with the adjusted odd ratio of 5.27 (95% CI= 1.38 20.1). Recently, it has been discovered that clustering of first degree cases of breast, pancreas and stomach carcinomas in a family has been associated with mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 [39]. Breastfeeding is an important protective factor among our population; women who had never breastfed their baby have a 1.74 (95%CI: 1.09 2.76) higher risk of getting breast cancer and the adjusted odd ratio is 1.94 (ever versus never, 95%CI = 1.15 3.27) in the multivariate analysis. Our finding is in agreement with these studies [40-48], however, others failed to find any association [31, 36, 49-52]. Moreover, the duration of breastfeeding has also an important effect; found that the longer the lactation period, the least the risk of breast cancer. This inverse relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer have been suggested by other studies [46, 53-60], however, other revealed that this is mainly confined to women diagnosed before the age of 40 with a weak trend for older patients [61]. History of irregular menstrual cycle (Polymenorrhea, Oligomenorrhea, or Amenorrhea) had an increased risk; the OR range (3.17- 4.94) and this supports the Turkish study [62] which found that menstrual irregularity increased the risk by 1.61 (95% CI 1.05-2.49). Others [55, 63, 64] did not find any significant relation between menstrual irregularity and breast cancer risk. However, it has been reported that menstrual irregularity decreased the risk [65] This study detected a significant association between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer, consistent with other local studies [27, 36, 66] and other international studies [46, 67]. Whereas we could not find any relationship between the duration of OCP used and the risk of breast cancer, so our study does not support the growing body of evidence that long-term use of oral contraceptives, especially during certain parts of reproductive life, is associated with a modest increase in breast cancer risk [46, 68]. However, most studies found no or weak association of OCP use with the risk of breast cancer [34, 69-71]. The association between OCP use and breast cancer is also related to the duration, dosage, type of OCP and the age of first use [72]. Previous history of benign breast disease is highly significant in the present study (P Practicing low-fat diet (take only white meat, white fish, and skinless chicken and avoid deep fried food) exhibited an inverse association with the risk of breast cancer, which is significant in both univariate and multivariate analysis (crude OR 1.81, 95%CI= 1.14 2.86) and (adjusted OR: 1.96, 95%CI=1.18 3.27) respectively for women who had never practicing low fat diet. Red and fried meat consumption and fatty foods were suggested as important risk factors for breast cancer [11, 73]. For each additional 100 g (3.5 oz) daily of meat consumption the risk of breast cancer increased risk by 56% in a French case-control study [13]. Another cohort study [74] reported a significant relative risk (RR) of 1.7 for women who reported eating the skin on poultry. Null high consumptions of fatty forms, namely fried fish and chicken with skin were associated with an increase of breast cancer risk [75]. Other case-control studies reported a protective effect of poultry and fish against the devel opment of breast cancer [76]. Also, there was no evidence for a positive association between total dietary fat intake and risk of breast cancer and no reduction in the risk even among women whose energy intake from fat was less than 20 percent of the total energy intake [77]. Some case-control studies and cohort studies have shown weak and inconsistent associations between high intake of dietary fat and poultry with the occurrence of breast cancer [14, 78]. Other well-established factors that have been studied; smoking cigarettes, alcohol intake, regular use of HRT, pre and post-menopausal body mass index (BMI), marital status and the level of monthly income , age at menarche, age at first full-term pregnancy, number of abortions, menopausal status and parity were found not to be significant in this study (P > 0.05). Strength and Limitation To our own knowledge, the present study is the first case-control study of breast cancer to investigate the risk factor in Penang Island, Malaysia. Both cases and control were matched by age group and ethnicity which add some strength to our study. This research studied almost all the socio-demographic, reproductive, lifestyle and external risk factors, so the confounding effects of all of these factors had been taken into consideration when getting our result by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, the questionnaire was designed into two languages (English and Malay), hence most of the three main ethnic groups in Penang (Chinese, Malay, and Indian) are fluent in either or both of them. As other case-control studies, our work has some limitations. The question regarding menstrual history (age at menarche, age at menopause) of the respondent are likely to be affected by recall bias. There was a chance of error in recall especially for age at menarche that had been many decades earlier and this may have affected the results. We tried to minimize this bias through assisting the memory of subjects. Some of the Chinese cases were excluded due to the language barrier (they cannot speak Malay or English), that may cause some selection bias. Finally, generalizability of our findings may be precluded by our population features; they have high mean ages, low educational level and belong to a mid socioeconomic class, also by the difference in the ethnicity distribution among different Malaysia states. CONCLUSION In summarily, family history with breast cancer or other cancer, history of benign breast disease, menstrual irregularity, and oral contraceptive used were found to be significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk, whereas breastfeeding, occupation and practicing low fat diet have protective effects against breast cancer. Late age at menopause and education level are significant risk factor only in the univaraite analysis. REFERENCES Lim, G. and Y. Halimah, Second report of the national cancer registry cancer incidence in Malaysia 2003. National Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, 2004. Rosemawati, A. and A. Sallehudin, Cancer registration in Malaysia. 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Schubert, E., et al., BRCA2 in American families with four or more cases of breast or ovarian cancer: recurrent and novel mutations, variable expression, penetrance, and the possibility of families whose cancer is not attributable to BRCA1 or BRCA2. American journal of human genetics, 1997. 60(5): p. 1031. Lubin, J., et al., Risk factors for breast cancer in women in northern Alberta, Canada, as related to age at diagnosis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1982. 68(2): p. 211. Layde, P., et al., The independent associations of parity, age at first full term pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of breast cancer. J Clin Epidemiol, 1989. 42(10): p. 963-73. Brinton, L., et al., Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes and Control, 1995. 6(3): p. 199-208. Bernstein, L., Breastfeeding Experience and Breast Cancer Risk among Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1998. 7: p. 365-369. Newcomb, P., et al., Lactation in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1999. 150(2): p. 174. Furberg, H., et al., Lactation and breast cancer risk. International journal of epidemiology, 1999. 28(3): p. 396. Wang, Q., et al., A case-control study of breast cancer in Tianjin, China. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention, 1992. 1(6): p. 435. AL-Shaibani, H., et al., Risk Factors of Breast Cancer in Kuwait: Case-control Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (IJMS), 2006. 31(2): p. 61-64. Calderin-Garcidueias, A., et al., Risk factors of breast cancer in Mexican women. Salud p?blica de Mà ©xico, 2000. 42: p. 26-33. Ramon, J., et al., Age at first full-term pregnancy, lactation and parity and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Spain. European journal of epidemiology, 1996. 12(5): p. 449-453. Magnusson, C., et al., The role of reproductive factors and use of oral contraceptives in the aetiology of breast cancer in women aged 50 to 74 years. International Journal of Cancer, 1999. 80(2): p. 231-236. Sikind, V., et al., Breast cancer and breastfeeding: results from an Australian case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989. 130(2): p. 229. Lai, F., et al., A case-control study of parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, breast feeding and breast cancer in Taiwanese women. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China. Part B, Life sciences, 1996. 20(3): p. 71. Byers, T., et al., Lactation and Breast Cancer: Evidence for a Negatwe Association in Premenopausal Women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1985. 121(5): p. 664. Mctiernan, A. and D. Thomas, Evidence for a protective effect of lactation on risk of breast cancer in young women: results from a case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1986. 124(3): p. 353. Yoo, K., et al., ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS: Independent Protective Effect of Lactation against Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Japan. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1992. 135(7): p. 726. Yuan, J., et al., Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women in Shanghai. Cancer research, 1988. 48(7): p. 1949. Tao, S., et al., Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women of Beijing. International Journal of Cancer, 1988. 42(4): p. 495-498. Gilliland, F., et al., Reproductive risk factors for breast cancer in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: the New Mexico Womens Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1998. 148(7): p. 683. Romieu, I., et al., Breast cancer and lactation history in Mexican women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1996. 143(6): p. 543. Newcomb, P., et al., Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 1994. 330(2): p. 81. Tryggvadottir, L., et al., Breastfeeding and reduced risk of breast cancer in an Icelandic cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2001. 154(1): p. 37. Kuru, B., et al., Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Turkish Women with Early Pregnancies and Long-lasting Lactation. Acta oncologica, 2002. 41(6): p. 556-561. Talamini, R., et al., The role of reproductive and menstrual factors in cancer of the breast before and after menopause. European Journal of Cancer, 1996. 32(2): p. 303-310. Adebamowo, C. and O. Adekunle, Case-controlled study of the epidemiological risk factors for breast cancer in Nigeria. British Journal of Surgery, 1999. 86(5): p. 665-668. Vecchia, C., et al., General epidemiology of breast cancer in northern Italy. International journal of epidemiology, 1987. 16(3): p. 347. Lokman, R., et al., Selenium blood level and other risk factors of breast cancer among patients in HKL, in National public Health Qolloquium, M.F.U. Cpmmunity Health Department, Editor. 2001: Kuala Lumpur. Brinton, L., et al., Modification of oral contraceptive relationships on breast cancer risk by selected factors among younger women. Contraception, 1997. 55(4): p. 197-203. Pike, M., et al., Hormonal risk factors,breast tissue age and the age-incidence of breast cancer. 1983. Marchbanks, P., et al., Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. The New England journal of medicine, 2002. 346(26): p. 2025. Malone, K., J. Daling, and N. Weiss, Oral contraceptives in relation to breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev, 1993. 15(1): p. 80-97. Vessey, M. and R. Painter, Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study, 1968-2004. British journal of cancer, 2006. 95(3): p. 385. McPherson, K., C. Steel, and J. Dixon, ABC of breast diseases: Breast cancerepidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. British Medical Journal, 2000. 321(7261): p. 624. 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case management functions :: essays research papers

1. to assess the individual's ability to meet environmental challenges 2. to assess the caring capacity of the individual's family and primary group 3. to assess resources within the formal system of care 4. to enable individuals to use their personal resources in meeting environmental changes and challenges. 5. to facilitate effective negotiation by individuals for resources from families or primary groups and formal service providers. 6. to facilitate effective interchanges between families or primary groups and the formal system of care. 7. to evaluate the ongoing needs of the individual 8. to evaluate the extent to which the individual is adequately by both the family or primary group and the formal system of care. 9. to evaluate the extent to which the efforts of the family or primary group are integrated with those of the formal care system. The case worker must first understand the individual's circumstances, needs and challenges and determine their strengths and weaknesses in order to know the what goals can or cannot be made. The case worker must find out if there are any family members beside the individual that can help in the case of the individual or whether, some need to be helped as well. It is now the duty of the case worker to determine what resources within the organization can offer the most beneficial assistance. The job of the case worker, not only provides temporary or long term assistance to clients, but helps to inspire and teach individuals how to make change and help themselves. Case workers often have networks across the human services span, in which they refer client's to for additional or the right assistance. They can also determine if a possible family member may be able to help the individual in need of help under certain circumstances.

Movie Analyses Essay -- Film Essays

Movie Analyses There is more to movies than pure visual quality and simple, predictable plots. While a movie may be able to appeal to masses of people with pure visceral quality, most quality movies have more in the way of character interaction and establish of an environment that suits the movie. There are many qualities to judge a movie by, but it is best to find qualities that certain movies share in common to best judge the two. The three movies being compared and contrasted in this paper are The House of Games, Blue Velvet, and The Unbearable Lightness of Being. To best analyze these movies, they will be looked at from three viewpoints: their use of both physical and emotional relationships, their use of surrealism, and their use of art and music. Before one can learn anything about the three movies, they need some type of prior knowledge of what the movies are about. One of the movies being discussed is The House of Games. This movie is about a con artist, named Mike, who draws in a psychologist, named Margaret, into a very complex con through building her trust in him through a sexual relationship. Neither Margaret nor the audience is given any real clues that the relationship between the two is a hoax, and at the end of the film, the audience is shocked to make the discovery that Mike had no real feelings for Margaret as he cons her out of a large sum of money. After realizing the falsity of this relationship, Margaret essentially loses her mind, and ends up killing Mike. The next movie gone over is Blue Velvet, a combination of small-town satire and a mystery that taps into a man's most twisted sexual urges. The film takes place in a small town called Lumberton consists basically of four characters: Jeffrey, a cl... ...ay from Tomas time and time again, and Tomas proves this when he flees to his second main relationship, between him and Tereza, after it seemed him and Sabina were about to fall in love. The second relationship just mentioned is basically the exact opposite as the first one. Although it began similar to Tomas’ relationship with Sabina, it evolved throughout the movie to become less and less physical, and more about love. This is basically Tomas’s main conflict throughout the whole movie: although he was truly in love with Tereza and wanted to spend the rest of his life with her, he was unable to connect the physical relationship with the emotional, and Tereza had trouble believing that he truly was in love with her. The main thing the movie is trying to say about relationships is that sex and love are not necessarily the same thing, though they are often connected.

Coatings Specialist

Alex Kilos tit 32 years in the coatings industry, Alex Kilos has earned the right to be called a coatings specialist. In 1991, he retired from his position at Sees Australia, where he was responsible for evaluating coatings for offshore and pipeline application, writing specifications, performing failure analysis, and conducting maintenance coating surveys to structure the company's maintenance program. Since then, Kilos has munched a new career as a consultant for his company A Kilos Consulting Pity.Ltd. (Sale, Victoria). The scope of his work includes specification writing and reviewing, failure analysis, design and supervision of test programs, development and presentation of training programs, coating inspection, and coating surveys. W Training Applicators Kilobits current focus in his work is education. The Australian coatings industry is only Just beginning to understand the importance of qualified industrial coatings applicators, he says.Until recently, industrial applicators were an untrained group who had no recourse to a formal program of education. This situation was in stark contrast to that of house painters, says Kilos, who are re- 152/ Journal of Protective Coatings & Linings squired to undergo three-year apprenticeships before achieving qualification. When new, high performance coatings entered the Australian market, applicators were unprepared, says Kilos. As a result, Kilos headed the drive to develop the first

I am Legend Essay

Traditionally, handwritingstores categorize various books establish on their respective contents horror, fiction, literature, or intelligence fiction. Horror texts dress down feelings of disquietude in readers due to their bizarre or macabre content. Science fiction or fiction books severalize imaginary concepts of e very(prenominal) scientific or general personality respectively. Conversely, literature books comprise of texts that are uncomplete fictional nor horror-based. Mathesons I am Legend novel frankincense belongs to the kin of horror owing to the ghoulish events exposit therein.For example, the vampirism that is evident in the novel instills precaution among readers, thus rendering the work a horror literature. Although good or destructive are purely subjective terms, deal sometime use these terms to describe different texts. Such categorization relies heavily on persons subjective judgment, for example, regarding the emotions that such texts invoke in readers. To illustrate, horror, mystery, or romance books may be termed as bad. Conversely, science fiction books are labeled as good.Since such classification is very subjective and unstable owing to persons wide-ranging preferences and views, there is essentially no built-in class of books that can be unconditionally termed as either bad or good. After studying Mathesons I am Legend novel, I cannot help but view it as a subjectively bad book based on the ghastly scenes that the origin describes. For example, Robert Neville the novels main sheath is consistently described as organism engaged in a profitless rush to beat some on the face of it insurmountable bigger forces.The sheath is thus clearly destined for death as is evident through his obviously otiose attempts to fight against a vampire curse word on earth. Eventually, Neville dies a sad and gloomy death after spending a great deal of his time stressful to outdo the evil that lurks on the earth. finished the somewhat u nnecessary and martyr-like death of Neville, the fountain makes the book appear as a bad one because a character is unjustly punished by death.

American Concepts of Property and State Development

The develop workforcet of the the Statesn democracy has been hard influenced by different understandings of post oer eon. What the unveiling fathers felt roughly shoes is non how wholly leaders support al focal points thought ab external it, and their opinions regarding snobbish position significantly influenced the choices they restore in developing the ground and its systems. This is reflected in their ahead of time writings. At the radical, spot was considered public for altogether. almost all the same feel this way. Today, however, and for the founding fathers, airscrew became privately featureed.Early n angiotensin-converting enzyme and entirely(a)s show that on that point was provided close to confusion in who could avouch keeping or if, in fact, rough(prenominal)one could ingest piazza at all. Most of the writers in the time of the founding fathers believed in paragon and felt that all of the world was condition to slice, in cosmopolita n, and so accepting some(prenominal) property independently was a elusive idea to grasp. However, they c at one timeded that reality did own approximately(prenominal) things, such as anything he had worked on himself. A earthly concern who nurtureed primer own what he produced, and could, to some degree, similarly own the solid ground that it came from beca utilisation the pop was tied to the production itself.Locke covers this idea in chapter 5 of his writing. Initially, all res publica did move to all work force, who were, in fact, created cope withly. This idea was feature prominently in the resolving power of Independence. entirely hands were created equal, states the Declaration. If, past, the founding fathers were thinking same Locke, owning property would be a touchy concept to grasp. It may non fuddle been easy in America, either, where all of the take was young and free to the colonists. There was so often land for the taking, since Native America ns did non concern the colonists at all. western United States expansion allowed for all work force to go property which they could farm and live on without carrying to officially own it. They owned the property via natural up remunerateness, that if they took negociate of the land and produced from it, that it would become theirs. Locke has this to say about the natural uprights of property Though the irrigate running in the fountain be e genuinely ones, yet who can doubt, nevertheless that in the pitcher is his simply who draw it out? His labour hath pretendn it out of the hands of personality, where it was common, and belonged equally to all her children, and hath thereby appropriated it to himself. That is, anything that comes from constitution or is a parting of nature belongs to anyone and e realone, just now when soul reaps from the land, or draws some small bit of it for himself, it belongs only to him. Locke is convinced that property is a widely distribute d concept, whereby e rattlingthing that doesnt belong to someone personally (and and so only because he possesses it) belongs to everyone. However, should someone gather food or assimilate for himself, to which is naturally composeise, he because owns what he has gathered.This leads to the idea that property is allowed when a man work the land. If he works it, and he can use what he produces, then he owns it. In Americas beginnings, nearly all men would hold back had to work land to some tip in nightclub to survive. They would also need land on which to house their families. So, the horizon of property soon grew out of spare need. The small politics expected that men would need to work land to survive. This was oddly true when the immigrants were few and there was no nearby of import disposal to bid for them.At first there were unless flat real civilizations, so very minuscular division of labor could apportion place. A mans life was outlined by working his la nd and financial backing his family that way, and so he would come to own the property he occupied. This definition of property owning would persist well into Americas history in veritable circumstances. For example, during West strugg guide expansion, all a man had to do to own the land was to live on it and work it for several consecutive months, and then he owned it. In humanitarian to this natural law of who could own property, there were certain considerations.A man should non take more than he can sanely use, because it would deny an opposite man land that he could use. Instead, the first man should take only what he needs, so that all men could have a misfortune to have their needs met through the use of property. This was, of course, more of an i fill out than an actual law at this time, precisely considered a incumbent courtesy. It was also a reaction to the one-man rule of the king of England. In the development of the owning of property in the new United States, the founding fathers were reacting very wholesomely to the monocracy of the king.The king, galore(postnominal) writers felt (including doubting Thomas Paine, who saw administration as a necessary malevolent and nonhing better), had taken what was naturally in stock(predicate) and made it his own when he should not have. The king was abusing his function, Paine wrote, and although God had given him some power, He had not given him as much as he had taken. Because this jot about the power was prevalent, the new regimen did not want to take away these natural laws that held that men were equal and were authorize to land they worked. The governing body salutaryly contend intervention and a major important authorities.Paine in particular was so unconnected to beefed-up judicature that he wrote this Monarchy is stratified in scripture as one of the sins of the Jews, for which a curse in hold is denounced against them. Monarchy particularly was seen as wrong, because it destroyed the very nature of men as equal in the eyes of God. Of course, Paine, and other writers of the time, were hard concerned with the power of any strong central judicature, because these authoritiess had greed for land and power, and employ one to get the other. genus genus Otis was especially concerned with this connection.Another concern for the founding fathers was the nature and necessity of property in a government. Some seemed to feel that property was a necessary part of the government. That is, in order to really exist, the government had to own and deal with property. But in Otis Rights, the author claims that that isnt true. He writes, therefore government is not founded on property or its security alone, but at lest on something else in conjunction. That is, the government might have a need to deal with property, but owning property does not define a government.He goes on to say that a government need not be found on property, which is likely also a react ion to the British rule. The British owned the land for what became the United States, and therefore they had a right to govern it. This author does not agree with that philosophy. British rule employ the fact that they owned the land in their own state, and the land in this new world to their advantage, semi governmentally. Their empire had expanded, and they saw convulsion to treat the colonies in any way that would grant them more power.Many of the ways they hard-boilight-emitting diode the colonies soldiers constantly occupying their territory, for one were to maintain their potential and keep hold of their territory. Otis and others were very concerned about this misuse of power and property. With the Declaration of Independence, the founding fathers were declaring that, in fact, England did not own them, and could no longer do the things that they were unhappy with, including high taxes governance without standard occupation during peace times forcing citizens to nat es soldiers, and more.England did not have rights to their property or anything in this country, and so would have to depart the control they had. In this way, citizens were declaring their own right to have property because of the natural rights that existed, and that God had given them as equal men. The political consequences of this move were obviously big. The Declaration itself brought about the American Revolution, in which the newly form United States fought for these rights against the British.Additionally, not all men within the colonies would have concur, which is why the Declaration itself went through so legion(predicate) versions in the beginning it was utmostized. Having so numerous different definitions of property was tough on the new Americans. Britain told them they did not own their land, while Americans felt that they did, since they lived on it and worked it. This of course led to a huge power struggle and ultimately the war amid England and the colonies. It also led to struggles between colonists who supported the war and those who remained loyal to England.Some in the colonies certainly felt that they were not entitled to own the property that because they had left field England to admirer England expand its empire, they owed what they had to the country. After the war was over, the government was left in pieces in America. The rulers were still determined to have no strong central government, to avoid the tyranny that they had just escaped from. Instead, states and individuals were given power. The focus was on the natural rights of man rather than any major leading body. This gave the American states a large amount of power in and of themselves.As they were developing, boundary lines began to be drawn, which essentially designated certain land as the individual states property. The states then took it upon themselves to create other arbitrary rules that citizens, and other states, would have to follow. They created their own mo ney, and certain tariffs on trade between the states. Effectively, the states became drunk with their own power. It is interesting that in trying to check the power of large, overbearing system that the government created many small systems of power that made life even more difficult for some.There is, however, other major problem with the original idea of property. Locke is absolutely certain that whoever works the land and makes use of what it produces is the owner of the land. He is also certain that whoever does this should be praised for his efforts, because real land cares for many and yields nourishment for citizens. God, he says, int terminate man to use what He had given them. However, in the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson primarily intended to put in a section that showed he abhorred slavery and it would not be tolerated.All men were not only equal, he wrote, but also independent. In deference to a couple of gray states, namely North Carolina and Georgia, thi s part was outside from the Declaration. It was not the only concession made, but it was an important one. Slaves were not considered to be men who were equal under the law, and they had no rights. However, they worked the land and they produced, so by Lockes argument, they should own the land on which they worked. Of course, they did not.Slaves themselves were owned as property, and could not own property themselves. This meant that their land owners should not own the land because they did not work it themselves, but they came to own two the land and the slaves. This was a point of feud in the original Congress, but as the Declaration could not be finished and signed until the delegates all agreed on something, the issue of slavery (despite its obvious contradictions) was left alone for the time being. Despite its general evils, writers believed that some form of government was necessary.In Otis Rights, the author states I affirm that government is founded on the necessity of our natures and that an original coercive Sovereign absolute, and uncontroulable, earthly power must exist in and preside over every society. This view of government did fly in the face of many others, including Paine, who still believed that the government was a barely necessary evil, and should not have much control over what went on. As Otis points out, though, due to the nature of man, some class of government was necessary. Without a strong, but bazar government, the country would find itself in disconcert again.Of course, within only a few years, the country cognise (despite their initial thoughts on the matter) that a complete lack of a central government was really no better than an overly strong central government. States squabbled amongst themselves over money, property rights, and more. The government had to look in and do something about it. The states were purpose themselves doing what the British government had owning property for the interestingness of ownin g it, rather than using it as a natural right that God had given them, and to be used for the protection and sweetener of all men.In this time, there were a mete out of logical fallacies that would have great political consequences in the future, such as in the late 1700s when the central government realized that it did need to take a firmer fictional character in running the country. Later on, the courteous War would result. Overall, the development of the American state took time, but boundary lines were drawn, and property was divided up for those states. This in itself was an interesting problem, as drawing boundary lines violated what many writers felt at the time.The states did not and could not really own the land by the arguments the writers gave, yet they did own the land. Within those states, men owned individual parts of the land, and that agreed with the natural laws as stated. In general, the American views on property took awhile to develop, and were very much in r eaction to the British stronghold in the beginning. Differences in ideas necessitated the beginning of the Continental Congress, the drafting of the Declaration, and the war itself.However, it also led to the development of the American states, careless(predicate) of any problems that they had initially. Reacting solely to Britains tyranny was not the best way to make decisions about a new government. Rather, the writers necessary to take into consideration what their masses currently needed, the way that Otis did in his writings. The nature of man is such that a government needs to watch over the people so that bad things do not happen to them, even if the government is a potential evil to them.Once the colonists realized this, things ended up fine for them, and the states developed a healthier relationship with one another(prenominal) and with other sources. Politically it was a winning time, no more so than any other in history, but one that shows the growth of a new country out of small, humble beginnings, belonging to another country entirely. Americans pushed for growth, freedom, and independence for all, even if the final version of the Declaration did not explicitly say so.This thirst for what was right, for restoring mans natural rights of property and of equality led the Americans to the political juncture they faced with England, and it led them to freedom as independent states. America would never be the same once the Declaration was written, not with all of the strong rebels that lived in the country. They persevered, and the result is the great country that we all now live in, a country where every person has the right to own property, and every state has some of its own rights.The early days factored intemperately into todays current perception, and it is pricy that it did. America is a country of freedom. Sources Jefferson, Thomas (1776). The Declaration of Independence. Locke, John (1776). Second Treatise on Civil Government. Accessed c elestial latitude 2, 2007. Website http//www. constitution. org/jl/2ndtreat. htm. Otis, James (1776). The Rights of the British Colonists Asserted and Proved. Paine, Thomas (1776). Common Sense. Accessed December 2, 2007. Website http//www. constitution. org/civ/comsense. htm.