Marketing environments

The aim of this lecture is: To describe important role of Marketing Environment. To differentiate between Macro and Micro Environments. To assess the impact of Marketing Environment on Marketing Practices. To describe various method/Model of Marketing Environment Scanning. Background Information Marketing cannot be practiced in a vacuum; as a business function is affected by various factors or elements within the business environments.According to Lancaster and Massingham (1993), a company's marketing environment consists of the factors and forces that affect the companys ability to develop and maintain uccessful transaction with its targeted customers. Business environments are dynamic and it requires enough attention to ensure that the environment are monitored and does not bring miserable effects to the organization. What is Marketing Environment? Marketing Environment can be described as those factors or elements which are surrounding marketing activities and usually affect the d ecisions and activities of marketing negatively or positively.It consists of both controllable and uncontrollable factors which determine the success or failure of the organization. The controllable actors refer to those elements which can be managed and monitored by the organization in order to ensure they bring positive impact rather than negative impact. On the other side, uncontrollable factors are those factors which an organization has no direct control on them. It is very difficult and sometimes is not possible to control them.The only way that can be done by the organization is to use its internal efforts to reduce the impact of them to the organization activities. Furthermore, uncontrollable factors are usually classified into two groups: one is Macro-environment and the other is Micro-environment. Macro-environment These are external factors which cover the wide range of economic and business activities; its impact goes too far beyond the control of the organization or soc iety as a whole.Macro environment consists of the following elements or factors: Political Factors, Legal and Regulatory Forces, Social-cultural factors, Economic Factors, Technological Factors, Demographic factors Political Factors; political institutions and politicians are responsible for formulating and enforcing various laws and regulations which in one way or another affects the business operations. Furthermore, political forces are responsible for making and adopting various policies (International and local policies), they are responsible for entering into various agreements and contracts which affects marketing activities. ? Legal and Regulatory Forces; various laws and regulations are formulated by various institutional boards and might affect business in one way or another. For example, laws relating to tax, business registration, policy formulation etc. Socio-cultural Factors; the success ot any business depends on now i t takes care about culture and other social aspect s of the societies. Therefore, any action to ignore the culture and life style of the society surrounding the organization marks the failure of the organization. Economic Factors; the impact of economic factors in business and marketing in particular is very significant.The elements such as inflation, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, economic crisis etc have significant impact to the marketing activities. Technology Factors; marketing activities depends much on technology. A means to produce, distribute, promote etc are much affected with the technology in use. That is to say, the intensity of marketing activities reflects the level f technology which the organization use. Demographic Factors; from demographic structure is where customers, consumers, labors, etc are obtained. Thus, the population structure determines the success of the organization.The failure of the organization to analyze demographic structure properly affects the organization performance. Micro-environment This is an external factor which affects the performance of the organization to serve its market effectively. It is an immediate factor which touches the organization activities or functions very close compared to Macro-environment. This includes actors such as: Bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of consumers, Threat of entry of competitors, Competition from substitutes, and competition between firms.Sometimes it is known as Michael Porter's Five Forces Framework. Porter, (1980) argues that industry profitability depends upon industry structure and on the above mentioned factors. Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers are important partners in a business. They provide resources required for the production of goods and services. However, Suppliers have a substantial significant to the marketing functions and business operations as a whole. The ailure to accommodate the pressure of supplier will bring a great impact to organization products and services prices.For examp le when the price of supplies increases it is obvious that, the price of the final products will also be higher in order to cover operations and productions cost. Bargaining power of consumers Consumers of the company products or services are important partners in a business. However, consumers have both negative and positive impact to the organization. The pressure of consumers to obtain products or services at a low price without considering the cost of the production it usually affects the organization ellbeing.Thus, the organization must work hard to see how the pressure from consumers can be accommodated without affecting the organization operations. Threat of entry of competitors In modern business environment competition is a normal and unavoidable situation. The available opportunities for competitors to enter within the market usually become a threat for the organization success. A door for competitors to enter signifies that, the market share should be divided according to the number of the organizations within the market. Furthermore, the presence of competitors can be reflected in a profit generation.This being the fact, the organization should work hard to compete and not escaping from competition which it is not possible anyway. Competition from substitutes The presence ot competitors or other business partners gives a door ot having substitute goods and services. The substitute goods or services refers to those goods or services which offers similar functions, satisfactions, etc. The availability of substitute goods and products forced the organization to highlight the way forward to compete against those substitutes. Competition between rivalry firm Within the industry, various firms are operating.For example, in the Communication Industry, there are a number of firms which includes firms such as Vodacom, TTCL, TiGO, Airtel etc. In such environment there is a stiff competition between these firms, in which each firm is trying to compete in orde r to acquire a large portion of a market share. Thus, it is very hard to manage this environment. A firm needs to work hard in analyzing the intensity of competition so as to adopt the relevant strategies for such a challenge. Internal Environments (Controllable factors) These are factors within the organization; they have direct impact to the organization performance.However, these factors are within the organization controlling capacity, which means the organization has the ability to monitor its impact and to regulate its trends. These factors include among others, the following important factors: R & D factor, production and operation management factor, financial factor, Human Resources and management factor and marketing factor. R & D factor; this is an important factor which can be used to improve the organization performance by adding new idea, technology, products and services through research and development.Production and operation management factor; the organization readi ness to adopt dvanced and recent methods of production and operation can be said as the most important decision to control the organization performance. The production and other operation methods are changing rapidly, thus, the organization needs to take quick decision to cope with these changes. Financial Factor; the management of financial assets is very important and must be taken carefully. In ability of the firm to manage its financial assets it is a disaster to that particular organization.It creates the light way for its failure while this could be avoided if the organization could have taken serious measures earlier. Human resources and management; people are very important resources for the organization performance. Human resources should be handled in a due care in order to create a situation of offering consistency efforts to the organization productions and operations activities. Marketing factor; in order to ensure marketing as a unit or department within the organizati on it offers valuable contribution and there must be a close supervision of all activities done within this unit.Any disregards to this important component of business operations create a smooth way for the failure of a particular organization. Environmental Scanning and Analysis Atter the organization has identified the above described tactors (Macro and Micro), the next important stage is to analyze in deep the impact of each factor on the organization operations. The big challenge which is facing business owners and business decision makers nowadays is how to deal with environment uncertainty.Now, environmental scanning and analysis is used to assist business analyst to study environment in deep and formulating appropriate strategies to cope with business changes. For examples, from strategic marketing point of view, in formulating arketing plan, two issues must be considered, first; organization capabilities in term of resources, second; the demands of environment which the orga nization operates. Therefore, there is no way the organization can ignore the importance of environmental scanning and Analysis. What is Environmental Scanning and Analysis?Environmental Scanning and Analysis refers to a process of studying and exploring the impact of environments on business operations. It focuses on understanding how business environment affects strategy formulation and implementation. The Former Chief Executive Officer of General Electric Company Jack Welch, once said, â€Å"When the rate of change inside the company is exceeded by the rate of change outside the company, the end is near. † The meaning of this statement is that, if the firm is very weak in studying and coping with external environments is digging a grave for its own death.Environmental Scanning and Analysis is done in the following style. First; the organization is required to analyze business factors which exist in the environment in which the business operates. Second; the organization is required to classify each factor as to whether it falls under an opportunity or a threat. The following phases should be followed while doing environmental scanning and analysis: First phase; identify environmental influences; the aim of this stage is to indentify various factors which influence the organization performance recently and to forecast likely factors that will influence the performance in future.Second phase; an assessment of nature of the environment; the trends of an active factors should be analyzed, the assessment should look on whether the environment is static or dynamic and from there the decision of what is supposed to be done can be taken. Third phase; identify he factors which have a great influence on business operations based on their nature and intensity of its impact. Fourth phase; identify competitive position; analysis of the level of competition should be done based on how competitors are doing, their capabilities and weaknesses and how they are trying to deal with both of them should be scrutinized.Fifth phase; identify how the information obtained above influences the organization operations. Each information should be categorized in either it is a threat or an opportunity to the organization. At the end, this becomes an mportant component in dealing with organization strategy formulation and implementation. Therefore, environmental scanning and analysis results to the identification of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. This can be analyzed by using a SWOT analysis Model which is an abbreviation of the words Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat.Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses The strength and weakness are internal tactors which can attect the organization operation in future. Specifically, Strengths refer to internal factors which can affect the organization operations in a positive way, while weaknesses are internal factors hich can affect the organization operations in a negative way. For example, p oor management of human resources can be considered as a weakness, and the application of advanced technology can be termed as strength to an organization.Environmental Strengths and Weakness Profile Basically, after intensive analysis has been done, is very important to prepare a strategic advantage profile for the organization. This profile gives a clear picture of critical areas which have a great impact to the organization op4 erations recently and in future. Strategic Advantage Profile for a Hypothetical firm A Organization Internal Area Competitive Strength or Weakness Marketing + Product Line is extensive + Services is excellent – Channels of distribution are weak Research and Development – No Research and development performed Operations + Excellent sourcing for new materials. Facilities are old and becoming out dated. Corporate Resources O Company size is about average for the industry. O Profits have been consistent but average. – Union employees compl ain frequently Finance + Balance sheet shows ability to obtain needed capital, low debt equity ratio, high working capital position and favorable stock position. Sources: Mzava, (2004:20) KEY: + Indicates Strength Indicates weakness O Indicates Neutral Analysis of Opportunities and Threats An opportunity and a threat are external factors which might affect the organization operation in future.Now, specifically, Opportunities are external environments which can affect the organization operations in a favorable way, while, Threats refers to factors which might affect the organization in unfavorable way. At the end of opportunities and threats analysis, Environmental Threat and Opportunity Profile (ETOP) must be established. Environmental Threat and Opportunity Profile (ETOP) is very important for strategies formulation and implementation.

Do video games contribute to teen violence? Essay

Two teens in black leather coats waited with their vehicles near the west entrance of Columbine High School. The teens, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold , headed toward the school. Armed with four guns, several knives and dozens of home-made explosives, they launched their assault, injuring several students and killing two before entering the building. The school shooting that took place on April 20, 1999, was evidently a very devastating and emotional day, but what many fail to comprehend is what led these two students to such drastic measures. After various studies, and concrete evidence, a rational explanation may be that these two killers were fanatical players of violent video games. Unfortunately, the destructive impact violent media has on today’s youth doesn’t end there. Violent video games have been known to cause aggression in players, increased reports of bullying, violence and ruins the virtuous morals instilled in today’s generation. Studies support that there is a strong link between violent video games and aggressive conduct. Many children that take part in playing violent games often report feelings of aggression and violence. According to the Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, â€Å"It is intuitive that young kids who play violent video games, compared to young kids who do not play violent video games, will be more aggressive in certain real-life situations. † In other words, children who play violent video games tend to see the world from a hostile perspective, triggering them to be verbally as well as physically aggressive. This is obvious considering the fact that violent video games portray violent behaviors and suggestive material. Procon states, â€Å"A 2009 study found that it takes up to four minutes for the level of aggressive thoughts and feelings in children to return to normal after playing violent video games†. These four minutes of aggression is enough to compose violent thoughts in children. Exposing our adolescents or even our general population to these sorts of behaviors can lead to serious and possibly fatal consequences, for instance bullying and school shootings. Violent media can be very influential and unhealthy exposure may result in disastrous consequences, such as bullying. Though it may seem extreme, studies reveal that after just 10 minutes of violent video games the mind becomes desensitized to the fact that you’re killing someone, and according to psychologist Michele Borba, it can also result in less empathy towards others . Adolescents that play violent video games tend to associate pleasure with the ability to cause pain in others(â€Å"Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence†). Players can sometimes confuse fantasy with reality and at the very least, their brain finds happiness in the suffering of others, which could possibly lead to bullying. The 2008 study Grand Theft Childhood reported that 60% of middle school boys who played at least one Mature-rated game hit or beat up someone, compared to 39% of boys that did not play Mature-rated games (â€Å"Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence†). Young people that bully others often times are also involved in playing violent video games, and the violence portrayed on screen, lead players to violence in real life. Not only do violent games contribute to bullying, scientists also suspect that violent games may play a role in school shootings and other massacres. One of the most extreme, and disturbing effects of violent media is evident in school shootings such as the Newton Elementary Shooting, killing 26 first graders and the Columbine Massacre, killing 13 students. The Hartford Courant has reported that, â€Å"Adam Lanza, Newton Elementary school shooter, spent hours playing graphically violent video games in his basement before the shooting that killed 26 children and faculty at the school and Lanza’s mother at her home. † Obviously, Lanza was influenced by the violence in the video games which then caused him to commit these horrific murders of young, innocent children. According to the Carey Benedict, a journalist for The New York Times, families of the victims of the Columbine shooting sued Sony, SEGA and Capcom for the violent video games the gunmen, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, played. Klebold and Harris were avid players of violent games, The New York Times states, â€Å"They [Klebold and Harris] relied on(†¦) games to express their rage and(†¦) cutting them off in 1998 sent them into crisis. † When the teens lost their priviledges, they went on a violent rampage to express their rage and committed a mass murder, The gruesome images portrayed in games can possibly lead to extreme mental issues and destroy the morals we strive to instill in our youth. Our adolescents today will create an impact on tomorrow but our hopes of a bright future may be marred due to the violent nature of video games. Video games cause a decrease in sensitivity and compassion in adolescents, making them less caring and unsympathetic. The American Psychological Association states, â€Å"playing violent games is also related to children being less willing to be caring and helpful towards their peers. † Video games decrease compassion in kids, and could possibly lead to an insensitive, hostile generation. In addition to reducing sympathetic emotions, video games also allow children to witness foul language, teaching them vulgar words which could influence them to use them in real life (â€Å"The Positive and Negative Effects of Video Games†). Another effect, violent media has on today’s generation are gender inequality. In a majority of video games, women are often portrayed as weaker characters that are helpless or sexually provocative. Procon has stated that, â€Å"A 1998 study found that 21% of games sampled involved violence against women. † Victoria Beck, a professor at University of Wisconsin , states that, Video games showing sexual objectification of women and violence against women resulted in statistically significant increased rape rape-supportive attitudes for male study participants. † This proves that exposure to sexual violence in video games is associated to increases in violence directed at women and fake attitudes about rape such as, women incite men to rape or that women secretly desire rape. This sort of an outlook on women could greatly harm our adolescents and laws of today’s and tomorrow’s society, possibly causing rape and therefore, leading to all sorts of violence. Insensitivity and rape, these are only a few of the critical effects of violent media, but what exactly is the cause of these disasters? It is apparent that playing violent video games has many destructive effects, but the serious psychological effects are often overlooked. Douglas A. Gentile, a psychologist in Handbook of Children, Culture and Violence, states, â€Å"In a series of studies with children adolescents found that video game violence exposure was related to a wide array of aggression. † Video games seemingly cause aggression in people, and extended exposure could put our future in jeopardy. People who played video games obsessively could also become socially withdrawn, like the shooters in the Columbine Massacre. Constant exposure to digital violence could fuel their minds and give them the idea that it’s okay to commit acts of violence. The opposition may claim that, not everyone is affected by the violence presented in some video games, but violent media affects everyone, at least, to some extent. For example, playing video games could be compared to smoking cigarettes. A single cigarette won’t cause lung cancer, but smoking over weeks or months or years greatly increases the risk. In the same way, repeated exposure to violent video games may have a cumulative effect on aggression. Though, only one third of smokers get cancer that does not necessarily mean that smoking is acceptable for the other two thirds of smokers. Similarly, video games may only have an extreme effect on those with mental health issues, but this does not mean that the repeated acts of violence portrayed in these games is suitable for others to observe, in fact, the repeated exposure could have a damaging effect over time.

Antitrust practices Essay

Antitrust practices are practices carried on by businesses that end up destroying perfect competition in the market. Antitrust laws are laws prepared to seek and promote healthy market competition by preventing anti-competitive practices by companies. Some of the illegal practices that constitute to antitrust behavior include corporate mergers, monopolies and price fixing conspiracies (Bailey, 2010). The Clayton Act of 1914 was passed by the U.S Congress. It was an antitrust law that was amended to stop and prevent practices that led to unhealthy competition in the market. The Clayton Act was amended in order to complement an earlier version of the antitrust law referred to as the Sherman antitrust Act of 1980. This was a federal law that sought to prevent practices that were harmful to consumers such as cartels, monopolies and other unfair business practices (California Association of REALTORS, 2005). Google Company One of the recent firms to be investigated for antitrust behavior is Google Company that leads the online searching industry. According to Weiss (2014), the firm recently was being investigated by Competition Commission of India (CCI) for claims that it abused its dominance in the online search engine industry by mainly promoting its own services over those of its rivals. This reason is considered to create unhealthy competition in the business as the search engine company dominates its rivals in what is considered almost a monopolistic market. Antitrust behavior brings about both pecuniary and non-pecuniary costs. Since it damages healthy competition in the market, monopolies can result and this has adverse effects to the prices of commodities. The products end up becoming costly and expensive for the customers and, therefore, affecting the society negatively (Bailey, 2010). On the other hand, antitrust behavior leads to the output of products falling below the market competitive le vel and this is mainly witnessed in monopolistic markets. Then again, the antitrust practices can be costly for any company that has engaged in them since if investigations prove that the company is guilty of the said acts then heavy penalties can be imposed on them. Furthermore, this can ruin the reputation of any company and, therefore, ending up losing its customers (Bailey, 2010). Monopolies and  Oligopolies Monopolies and oligopolies are not always good for the society. Their presence in any market simply means they have all the power to control the prices of their products and services. This is not favorable to the customers since prices can always go up any time especially when the demand for certain commodities is high. One good example of an oligopoly is the Coca Cola and Pepsi Companies. These are the world’s largest beverage companies and demand for their products is never decreasing. However, these two companies represent a market with few suppliers while the consumers are many. They have all the power to dictate their products’ prices and the consumers have no power whatsoever (Hovenkamp, 2011). On the other hand, some government monopolies can be considered beneficial to the members of the society. Many governments in the current world control the production and supply of electricity and other forms of energy. This is useful because the governments aim at providin g such services to the citizens at affordable prices and across the countries. It is the responsibility of the government to enhance infrastructure development in the country and, therefore, running such sectors of the economy can be beneficial to consumers. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to point out that antitrust practices are unwanted behaviors since they destroy healthy competition among businesses. However, the law is strict on companies that engage in these practices and heavy penalties can be imposed on them. Antitrust practices include price fixing, corporate mergers and creation of monopolies (Reeves, 2010).

The Fabrication Of Bipolar Junction Transistors By Diffusion Planar Lab Report

The Fabrication Of Bipolar Junction Transistors By Diffusion Planar Process - Lab Report Example The fabrication of BJT comprises of various sub-steps like RCA (Cleaning Process), Thermal Oxidation, Photolithography, Diffusion, Metallization, Alloying Process etc. The process of fabrication starts by cleaning the substrate of impurities by the RCA procedure followed by developing a layer of SiO2 on the planar surface by the process of oxidation. The wafer is then coated with an appropriate photoresist material and developed by exposure to UV through base mask (mask #1). After sufficient time of exposure, the SiO2 is removed by etching out from the region of base-diffusion followed by cleaning away the covering of the remaining photoresist coating. The P-type base i.e. Boron is diffused into this region followed by re-oxidation to develop the layer of SiO2. Next, by the process of Photolithography, the oxide layer is stripped off from the regions of collector and emitter by mask #2 and Phosphorous (N-type) is diffused on it. The entire sample is re-oxidized and once again coated with the photoresist material and developed. The substrate is then exposed to vapors of Aluminum which are allowed to condense upon it. The excess Aluminum on the substrate i.e. at non-contact regions is removed chemically by ‘lift-off’. The final step in the process is alloying of the contacts. RCA Dust, SiO2, oxides and metallic contaminants are removed. Consequently, the process has three chief procedures namely the Organic Clean, the Oxide Clean and the Ionic Clean. [5] â€Å"The RCA clean procedure should be performed immediately prior to any crucial step, especially those involving high temperatures.†[2] The RCA clean procedure consists of the following steps: Mixing of Organic, Inorganic and Oxide Stripping Solution 1. The Organic Solution is prepared by adding 1000 ml of H2O to 200 ml H2O2 and 200 ml of NH4OH. Heat the solution for 15 min at a temperature of 80  °C. [2] 2. The Ionic Solution is prepared by adding 1000 ml of H2O to 200 ml H2O2 and 200 ml of HCl. Heat the solution for 15 min at a temperature of 80  °C. [2] 3. The Oxide Stripping Solution is prepared by adding 2000 ml of H2O to the polypropylene vat. Add 40 ml of HF acid into it. [2] Bubbler Rinse Set-Up The bubbler rinse station is filled with deionized water and nitrogen is bubbled in it. [2] O rganic Clean This step removes dust, grease and other organic impurities from the substrate. The substrate is submerged in the Organic Solution for 15 min and then placed in the Bubbler Rinse Set-up for 5 min. [2]

Innovative Organizations in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Innovative Organizations in the UAE - Essay Example It also merged with GasCities to improve production and increase its presence in the market across Europe and America. The firm is also a top innovative organization because it engages in the acquisition, discovery and expansion of fuel concessions (Al, 238). The other top innovative firm is the Emirates Airline that operates cargo and passenger services. The company is engaged in sports sponsorship of top football clubs across Europe, such as Real Madrid, PSG and Arsenal among others (Wilson 32). This helps it with increasing its market base beyond the UAE borders with the aim of beating competition from Etihad Airways. The company also comes up with considerable offers that favor international passengers with its continuous commercial flights. Emirates Airline is a recognized brand that launches latest flights from the Boeing Company to enhance luxury, class and comfort (Wilson 56). It is significant to launch and diversify the products and services to create a distinction from the competitors’ products. As a result, Emirates Airlines and Crescent Petroleum are among the innovative organizations in the

History (Biography Reviews) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History (Biography Reviews) - Essay Example In describing his earlier campaigns, I have had recourse to much fuller material than in the latter portions. The reports of many subordinate commanders, Union and Confederate, have been published, and there are even critical commentaries upon these, which guard the historian against error. 1 The book gives presents only the military career of Grant although there are some parts that touch upon his personal life such as Chapter II which gives a background of his childhood and Cadet Life. Somehow, there is a good rationale for covering only Grant’s exploits since he is a very private person . Although there are times where his ethics have been questioned, that has happened after the war. Like any individual who has been popular, there is always an inclination for politics. The book’s sequence of events is arranged chronologically with the sequence of events beginning with the start of the war. However, the author’s main purpose was not really to go into much detail of the war as expressed in the Preface. His writings were mainly focused on the plans made by the General, the way the plan was executed as well as the results of his campaign. Perhaps, the author’s motive is to show the readers the General’s plans and his achievements. Unfortunately, the author cannot discuss completely the topics without getting into many details such as dates and names of people involved. The book was almost a journal that reported the daily battles of the subject. This makes the biography very authentic since it was written during the time that it happened. Moreover, the author personally knew the subject which makes the book a good primary source. The author’s main point of view is that Grant was a successful General as he said â€Å"Grant is the first soldier of the age, and the most distinguished American of the Regenerated Republic†2 . The biography is recommended for readers who are interested in a detailed narration of military

Mechthild of Magdeburg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mechthild of Magdeburg - Essay Example Mysticism is the experiential core of spirituality, contrasted with religion, which is an organized assembly of rituals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mechthild’s level of spirituality is god-ordained. With this perspective, she is eminently suited to tread the path of spirituality. She gives up the secular comforts with the intention to become a Beguine at Mageleburg in 1230. She is trained in spirituality by Dominicans, who excel in austerities, engage in extensive prayers and hard mortification. She has profound divine experiences often, and she is totally free from the secular confusions and her inner self is one with Divinity. In 1270 she associates with Cistercian nuns at Helfta, and continues with them for the rest of her life. She has written a great book that contains the details of her inner experiences and visions. The name of the book, as ordained by God is "Light of my divinity, flowing into all hearts that live without guile". Mechthild begins writing it in 1250 and completes the 6th volume at Magdeburg in 1264.She adds the 7th volume at Helfta. That Mechthild, one of the greatest medieval mystic, was marginalized in her times by a male-dominated Western Culture was true. Women were marginalized in all sections of the society and spirituality was no exception. Carol L.

Development of the plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Development of the plan - Essay Example dinate with the different practitioners and with the public health sector for them to come up with a vaccination program which the patients and the general public can access in their pharmacies. With the coordination of the public health sector, the proper vaccines can be set forth and can be recommended for purchase. The overflow from the public health offices can be directed towards the pharmacies in order to de-clog the lines for people availing of said vaccines. In order to set this up in the pharmacy, a corner of the pharmacy can be set aside for the administration of vaccines. The administration of vaccines can first be cleared with the general practitioners in order to ensure that the patient availing of the vaccine can safely receive the vaccine. This corner would have to have a licensed pharmacist or possibly a nurse who can help administer the vaccine. Proper sterile techniques would have to be employed in this corner. A washroom would also have to be available to the medical staff in order to ensure that hand washing techniques are applied by the staff before and after each vaccine is administered. Materials used (disposable) have to be discarded safely through proper disposal techniques. Such corner would also have a waiting area for the patients to wait their turn and for patients to rest soon after the administration of the vaccine. Monitoring of vital signs by the nurse would have to be employed before and after the administratio n of the vaccine in order to ensure that the patients are healthy and have no adverse reactions to the vaccine. There are other newer vaccines available in the market. Vaccines for recently emerging infectious diseases include: H1N1 and meningococcemia. These vaccines are often limited in number and only administered with the coordination of the WHO. The pharmacy has to coordinate its sale and administration of such vaccines in order to ensure that the vaccine goes to the right persons – the high risk patients

Individual Dreamweaver Lessons Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Dreamweaver Lessons - Coursework Example Below is the structure of a web page saved as htm or htlm file. We also covered CSS designer. The lecture touches on Live view and Live code that help in giving the exact review of the web page designed and how visually changing the web page developed will affect the code behind the scene. The first lesson also gives an overview how you can create a hyperlink on a web page. The tag â€Å"† was used to create a hyperlink. Use bar to link section of the documents to other pages. For example, In this lesson, creating of a new site took the center stage by defining site setting using Site Setup dialog box. The Servers, Versions as well as advanced setting options used in defining your site. This lecture also declared the DOCTYPE used in HTML5 which is . The lesson also looked at the format of saving the new site created. The file created should have â€Å"html† file format and only special characters such as underscores (_) is used to separate the words. You should save it on one major folder. CSS helps in defining appearance of a web page. You can set background color or link color whichever applicable using CSS. It was important to note that Document Type set to HTML5 is set as Unicode (UTF-8) and that Adobe Photoshop is being used in a tracing image such as JPEG and GIF. We looked at local root folder on how one can copy, select, view or open files from it. It also addresses graphic file types being displayed by web browsers. The graphic files discussed include GIF that condenses color images and used mostly in areas with flat colors like logos. JPEG format is used in inline images. When inserting a logo/image, use the format. You can then set logo/image width and length. Inserting of Photoshop smart objects in an html form was also tackled. Use in group-block elements. When using HTML tables use attributes such as dl, dt, and

PERSONAL STATEMENT FOR UCAS APPLICATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PERSONAL STATEMENT FOR UCAS APPLICATION - Essay Example My mother used to think of this as my best trait as I would always stack my toys neatly after playing with them! Generally speaking, one of the major benefits of studying statistics and mathematics as a basic degree is the variety of career paths it provides. Applications of mathematics and statistic appears in almost all areas of business, economics, science, technology, research, and wherever data is obtained for the purpose of finding information. Statistics has for long been described as the science of making conclusions in the presence of uncertainty. From what I have learned in the preliminary studies statistics and mathematical models can solve problems and analyze circumstances when seemingly there is no obvious result at hand. This amazing nature of statistics appeals me the most. It encourages me to look up more into this field of education. It is thus become my passion to pursue my forthcoming degrees in the said field. The first thought that came into my when I decided to opt for a graduate degree in mathematics and statistics was that of the Queen Mary College, University of London. The Queen Mary University, Kings College London is one of the most esteemed colleges of Britain and I dream to be an esteemed part of its privileged students. Though I am an international student, I am well versed with written and spoken English language. It is therefore no problem for me to comprehend degree courses that would be taught in English. Moreover, having done my 6 of my O’ Levels courses and one A’ Levels course I have a pretty good idea of this British mode of assessment. I have appeared in the examinations set by the mentioned boards and have obtained grades ranging from A’s to C’s. My initial attempt towards pursuing higher studies in mathematics and statistics was by going for the course of ‘Mathematics’ in A’ levels examinations. Regretfully though I obtained a C in the said course. This was much below the standards that I had set for myself. I got even more motivated by this happening and decided to pursue my studies in statistics and mathematics from its basics. In pursuance of my intention to learn mathematics and statistics from its scratch I enrolled myself in the foundation course of ‘Science and Engineering’ at the Queen Mary University. Currently I am working really hard to get the required percentage so that I can get admission into the university degree level. It is only then that I would be able to pursue studies in my desired course. Taking admission into the degree level of Queen Mary University, Kings College of London would therefore be ‘a dream come true’ for me. I plan to work hard to pursue my studies at the college and then pass out to become an established mathematician and statistical analyst. This will enable me to become a successful banker in the years to come and would also increase other chances of employment in the ever challenging corporate world of today. My happy go lucky nature enables to me intermingle with people anywhere I go. At heart I am a fun loving person who loves to dance at the beat of good music. Listening to good music is one of my favorite hobbies. I have very recently started learning guitar from one of my friends. The explorer in me enthusiastically motivates me to travel to different countries and explore new places. During the school days I have been an active participant in extra curricular activities and have taken part in various

Gender Archaeology Essay Example for Free

Gender Archaeology Essay Gender archaeology is a field of study that encompasses different approaches in the study of gender. It developed in the 1980s at the time feminist movement emerged in many societies including America and Britain questioning the male bias of the mainstream archaeology. Gender plays a significant role in constructing society and its values, categorizing which are female or male roles, and creating meanings and identity. However, studying the concept of gender is difficult as its meaning is influenced by many factors and relationships in the society. Arguments are raised that gender, unlike the biological sex, does not exist and complicated to test through archaeology. One of the traditional approaches in studying gender is through material culture where tangible evidences are correlated with the presence of men and women such as artefacts and tools excavated, suggesting a representation of the two genders and their activities (Shaw and Jameson 2000: 251). The productive use of material culture is one of the most significant contributions of archaeologists unlike other disciplines which ignore the potentials of material and its symbolic representations and meaning construction of gender (Bintliff 2004:85). Scholars should recognize the relevance of material culture as it is able to correlate the objects and its physical realities and consequences to gender, allowing varied ways of exploring an object or material. It provides resources for reference and medium for practice of gender. It aids the study of gender archaeology in all geographical regions, categories of material culture, and periods (Gilchrist 1999: 15). One of the research methods used in studying material culture is a case study, which is also commonly used in feminist archaeology, where archaeologist become ethnographers. They visit the site or region of analysis aiming to reconstruct the past societies with as much details as possible about the past people’s lifestyle, customs, traditions, beliefs, and other events (Nelson 2006: 45). In this way, history of people and its meanings are identified through material evidences which represent relationship to gender. Numerous studies have revealed astounding facts and evidence leading to an understanding on how the meanings of gender and its facets are identified. Many pre-historical studies have been conducted around the world in knowing how men and women are represented, particularly in artefacts, and how these representations construct or deconstruct the roles of each gender. In a study, Ungendering Archaeology: Concepts of Sex and Gender in Figurine Studies in Prehistory, Naomi Hamilton analysed and interpreted the prehistoric anthromorphic figurines from Eastern Europe and the Near East (Donald and Hurcombe 2000: 18). Hamilton devised as methodology to identify sex on the figures and analyse the stereotypes attached to it regarding Western gender roles. There were numerous figurines unearthed from Europe but the interpretations are different and sometimes contradicting. Some scholars argue that these figures, particularly those with women, represents ‘goddess worship’ but others did not agree. According to Hamilton, there is a need for a theory on gender and gender relations that would at least provide better explanations than the traditional studies. For any unfamiliar figure, it would be easier to assume that a certain object represents a male or a female goddess or creature but others might interpret it differently. In Seklo group from Greece, for example, an excavator thought of the distorted figure with womanly shape as representation of female centaur while other objects resembling male figure are assumed as enthroned men. Later, the female-like figure was interpreted in different views: seated figure, goddess, or female on a birth stool. These varied translations happen most of the times because, as Hamilton argued, archaeologists readily accept that aspects of human life have universal characteristics such that what is commonly associated with women in another region or era is assumed to be similar in another region of different period (Donald and Hurcombe 2000: 28). Hamilton argued that the ambiguity the two mutually exclusive genders (male and female) and its resemblance to historical Western societies have not been questioned. Traditional assumptions on these figurines readily announced as representation of sex and gender roles and not other things. Besides, interpretations are based conservative view on gender. Archaeologists assumed that there is a standard gender division in culture but anthropologists say otherwise. In many historical figurines, most represent female as it was how assumed by archaeologists. It must be that male is not so superior in the old times than now. Obviously, there are difficulties and contrasting views on identifying which gender figurines stand for. Hence it is important to consider not to identify each figure as sex symbol only but also gather other information on culture to avoid pre-conceive notions that men or women are represented in such matter for a period of time and also to avoid stereotypes on the roles of women. Research on gender might suffer if there is a strong bias on either gender or gender differences. The assumption that every culture has standard or similar male-female divisions of characteristics might lead to building a gender based on stereotypes (Hamilton 2004). These might influence on how men and women are viewed today and how their roles are determined in every aspects of life such as family, politics, or academe. Hamilton’s study on figurines has a plausible argument that the traditional assumptions of archaeologists have made conclusions that are inaccurate and lacks credibility. This is an important consideration since these kind of assumptions lead to opposing views damaging or overrating either gender especially women who has been, for a long time, regarded as subordinate to men. List of References Blintiff, J. L. (2004) A Companion to Archaeology. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Gilchrist, R. (1999) Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past. Taylor Francis. Hamiton, S. M. (2004) Gender in Archaeology. Rowman Altamira. Nelson, S. M. (2006) Handbook of Gender in Archaeology. Rowman Altamira Shaw, I. and Jameson, R. (2000) A Dictionary of Archaeology. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell

Should Gays Be Allowed to Marry Essay Example for Free

Should Gays Be Allowed to Marry Essay Marriage: a legally recognized relationship, established by civil or religious ceremony, between two people who intend to live together as sexual and domestic partners. Typically this is between a man and a woman, in love, as they come before their families, to pledge to spend the rest of their lives together. As times continue to evolve around the world so has the idea and laws concerning marriage. Marriage is no longer just about a man and a woman committing themselves to each other for life, it now encompasses, gay and lesbians as well, as they pledge to love, honor, and trust each other all the days of their lives. This argumentative essay will explore logically both sides of the debate on whether gays and lesbians should be extended the same rights of marriage as heterosexuals have. Marriage and Heterosexuals The purpose of marriage has always been to join a man and a woman in matrimony so they can start and raise a family naturally. Marriage has occurred since the beginning of time in every culture. You meet, fall in love, get married and have babies. This belief of the 1950’s style marriage is how many young people see and view how they are supposed to live their adult lives. Marriage is a sacred act that a man and woman shares in front of their families, pledging their unending love for each other promising to cherish and keep only unto them as long as they both shall live. The Catholic Church teaches that marriage can only exist between a man and a woman. Catholism teaches us that â€Å"Marriage is a union of male and female that expresses the sexually complementarily willed belief of God for their marriage,† and see the natural structure of human sexuality between a man and a woman saying that they complement each other in expressing conjugal love and transmitting human life. This unique complement is what makes the bond of marriage the core of unity. The concept of marriage as a â€Å"sacred institution† is a modern fallacy. Because marriage is constantly evolving and changing the modern concept of marriage is evolving as well. Marriage is becoming more about commitment and less about creating families. In today’s society more and more married couples are chosing not to start families and are using their union as a committed state as a platform to evolve their career. Marriage and Homosexuals The issues of whether or not one should believe that gays should marry, is a hot controversy across the United States today in political and religious forums. 100 years ago as the human race started drastically changing everything about what we thought that we knew, started to evolve into new territories as well. No longer are we the human species of traditional hunter- gatherers we have evolved into a species of high tech industrialist who want to be able to decide everything.. These changes are not the only one’s taking place. We now find ourselves on the turntable of marriage as well. What actually defines a marriage? Does it have to only be about a male and a female? No longer do we have to stay in marriages when we were miserable, or our spouse is being unfaithful. We have separation and divorce. With all these changes we are now starting to look at accepting same sex marriages, or domestic partnerships, in the same piece of mind. So let’s take a look at what makes up these marriages and partnerships and then you can decide if you really can’t support something that you once didn’t really think you could. Domestic Partnerships Domestic Partnership has been around for years. While some think of domestic partnerships as a man and a woman, others think of domestic partnerships as a homosexual couple, (man and man or woman and woman) living together raising families. The idea that people can co habitat a space, without having a piece of paper from the state saying they are â€Å"MARRIED†, has become popular especially amongst the homosexual community. Once something that was thought to be shamed upon is now considered the norm. With marriage come legal obligations and rights that Domestic Partnership does not offer. In marriage if you decide you no longer want be with your spouse you can separate, and or divorce. When this happens, a judge decides how he or she will divide your property, assets, and they set up custody arrangements. In domestic partnerships there are no legal rights that automatically come when you move in together. Because of legal loop hole, many domestic partners are chosing to draw up legal contracts. These legal contracts say who gets what when it comes to assets, property, children, and in some cases names who gets to say what happens to them in emergencies. These legal contracts are saving millions of domestic partners when their domestic partnership falls apart. Same Sex Marriage Same sex marriage, marriage amongst two people from the same biological sex or gender identity. Same sex marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting are endorsed and practiced by various religious groups around the world. In the United States same-sex couples living in Massachusetts, California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington state can now legally decide if they believe that marriage is what they want to enter into. Before consenting into marriage as a same sex couple one must first think about a few issues about how they want to structure they’re union. Having children, jointly owning property, splitting up property, formalities such as taxes or divorce, government benefits, and immigration are things that any couple should think of when they decide to marry. For gays and lesbians these questions require more thought that they would if you are heterosexual. One topic more than others is children. If one partner in the same sex marriage is the parent does the other partner automatically get custody if that partner dies? Some would think yes but not in all cases. For most if one partner has a child they have no legal rights to the child. They therefore must go to court and legally adopt the child. Should homosexuals be allowed to marry? Yes. I believe that with all the changes that our country has went through over the past one hundred years I believe that giving everyone the same rights should include giving homosexuals the right to get married. I do not see why that if you love someone that you should not be allowed to get married. Ethical Issues and Ethical Problems The ethical issues and ethical problems of gays being allowed to marry are principally related to religion and the media. Legally whether or not homosexuals are allowed to marry or not is more of an issue that ethical. In the United States laws concerning whether or not gays should marry has come under ramification recently as Constitutional laws are changing. As homosexuals continue to fight for the same rights as heterosexuals I believe that constitutional laws will continue to overshadow ethical issues. Conclusion With every scrutanty that homosexuals face why do they want the continue to risk everything to get married? Marriage: a legally recognized relationship, established by civil or religious ceremony, between two people who intend to live together as sexual and domestic partners. In this argumentative essay I explored logically both sides of the debate on whether gays and lesbians, and domestic partners, should be extended the same rights of marriage as heterosexuals have. Marriage by definition does not state that it has to be between a man and a woman. It does state that they must live together sexually and domestically. I believe that in this paper I have shown that same sex couples domestically and sexually qualify for this union. I believe that no matter what someone’s gender is they should be allowed to stand in front of God and their families and announce to the world that they love each other and are committing each other for live.

Pluralist Elitist and Marxist Theories of the State

Pluralist Elitist and Marxist Theories of the State The three disparate theories of the state, namely the Elitist, the Pluralist and the Marxist theories are briefly discussed in the essay. They are also compared and contrasted in detail, highlighting each of their strengths and weaknesses. Introduction There are three positions through which a state can be examined. The Pluralist concept of the state mentions that the state is neutral relatively, and a number of power centers exist in a state. According to the Marxist theory, the state serves as an instrument for the rich and the bourgeois classes, who attempt constantly to suppress the working classes or the proletariat for its own personal interests. On the other hand, the belief of the Elitist theory is that the state contains two different aspects, violence and territoriality. Thus, modern states of the 20th and 21st centuries often resort to violence within its borders. The modern state is like a committee which manages the common issues of the bourgeoisie. (Marx Engels, 1985) Marxism The proponent of the Marxist theory, Karl Marx, was of the opinion that most of the political power of the society is controlled by the bourgeois class. The modern state is also extremely reliant on credits and taxes. Most of the credits and taxes are also borne by the bourgeois class. Whats more, the media such as newspapers or television is also controlled by the bourgeois. This makes it easier for the bourgeois to enter politics and succeed in politics. The bourgeois state serves as a mutual insurance pact which protects the interests of the bourgeois class at the expense of the exploited class (McLellan, 1971) Marx was also the opinion that the bourgeois was basically using the modern state for enhancing the lifestyle and prospects of the capitalist class of the society. One of the famous quotes from the Communist manifesto, Marx Engels (1985. p.82) states The executive of the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie. Marx also believed that communism was the best solution for such a capitalist society. The conflict among the classes keeps increasing as the capitalism in the state develops, since the interests of the bourgeois are furthered by the state in capitalism. Furthermore, capitalism also facilitates the bourgeoisie to give concessions to the proletariat, in scenarios where there is a social instability. The welfare state of the Scandinavian regions is something similar to the Marxist view of the state. Concessions such as unemployment benefits, free education, free health check and pension schemes are given by the bourgeois to the proletariat in certain Scandinavian states. Pluralism The Pluralist view of the state is completely different from the Marxist view. The Pluralist does not believe that the state is essentially conflicting in nature, as the Marxist and the Elitist schools of thought believe. Rather, the Pluralist view of the state is that it is neutral in nature; it is also believed that the state is susceptible to a number of influences from various groups in the society. The modern state therefore is not only dominated by one class, that is the capitalist or the bourgeoisie class, which dominates the political power, as believed by the Marxist theory; the modern state is rather a type of framework from wherein a variety of interests of the society can be reconciled. The concept of the state according to the Pluralist view is also that there can be various sources of political power. Therefore, not a single group can have monopoly of political power, according to the Pluralists. Although the capitalist class can have a very strong foothold in the society, they cannot however have complete dominance over the working class, as proposed by the Marxists. The proletariats can extend their power through labor unions or trade unions. Since the capitalist class cannot do without the labor class, the working class also exerts a strong influence on the capitalist class, according to the Pluralists. The modern state is not actually an instrument by which one class can dominate over the other class. Its rather a framework which helps in the reconciliation of diverse society interests (Schwarzmantel, 1994; Schwarzmantel, 1987; Dunleavy OLeary, 1987). The pluralist model can easily explain employee organizations and trade unions. Since organizations and trade unions have the power over the government, the politicians, trade unions, businesses and the proletariat have a share in the state power. The power is dispersed among the government, the organizations and the labor unions as well, proving once again that the neutrality of the state according to the Pluralist view is also valid. Elitist The Elitist theory was put forward by Max Weber. In his view, the state is used as an instrument through which some groups of a state control the other groups. Hence, the Elitist view of the state is quite similar to the Marxist view of the state. However, the central difference between the theory of Weber and the Marxist view is that the Elitist believes in the idea of legitimacy. For example, people follow the rules of the government because they believe that the government or the state is legitimate. However, Marxists believe that the state itself should be abolished since it is not legitimate. The Elitist concept of the state also lays emphasis on bureaucracy. Bureaucracy is one of the most effective methods of organizing the modern state. Weber also believes that the bureaucrats form a group of elites. This group of bureaucrats is extremely political in nature, and has the specialist knowledge which the politicians do not possess. The state symbolizes the relation of men who dominate men. This domination is supported through legitimate violence. If the state has to exist, the ones who are dominated must obey the authority of the dominant group (Gerth Mills, 1967). Another contrasting point between the Elitists and the Marxists and Pluralists is that the Pluralists and Marxists believe the state to have specific function. For the Marxists, the working classes are suppressed while for the pluralists; different groups of society are reconciled. However for the Elitists, the state cannot be defined in straightforward terms since the state performs several tasks and has two defining features, territoriality and violence. If certain groups have the right to use force over its territory, its because the state has granted the rights. Politics is all about the power struggle, according to Weber. Power is defined by Weber as a tool to make someone perform a task which he otherwise wouldnt have performed (Lassman, 2000; de Jasay, 1985). Conclusion The Pluralist, Marxists and Elitist concept of the state essentially contains a different kind of political conception. Marx believed that politics is actually a class conflict, and further adds that political relations can be transformed into economic ones. The Elitist theory of Weber also has a similar thought process. Marxists propose that politics is about the fight for power, however Weber disagrees with the viewpoint of Marx, since he doesnt agree that the Marxist view of reducing politics to a class struggle and economic factors. Weber is an elitist since Weber emphasizes the significance of a strong political leadership (Held, 1989; Dunleavy OLeary, 1987). However, the concepts of Weber and the Marxist are quite elitist in nature, which sharply contrasts with the Pluralist view of the state. The Pluralists believe that the state is not exclusively controlled by the bourgeois or the bureaucrats; rather its the dynamics of various social groups which ultimately impacts the fabric of the state. Then again, the Pluralist viewpoint has certain similarities with the elitist viewpoints since both of them believe that several sources of political power impact the state, unlike the Marxist view which believes that economic factors determine the political dynamics of the state. All in all, all the viewpoints of the Pluralist, the Marxist and the Elitist, helped define and understand the true nature of the state more deeply. Although each of them has their own unique way of interpreting the workings of the state, all of them give a true picture of some of the dimensions of the state.

Two Poets and Two Cultures :: Culture Poetry Literature Essays

Two Poets and Two Cultures Two poets from two different sides of the planet whose cultures are just as far apart exchange letters that are themed on single words. The first trick, the word, is based on a memorized arbitrary pairing between a sound and a meaning. [S. Pinker pg.2] A word is a simple concept when thought about at first. A word is an arbitrary sound used to represent some random thing. Memorize what each arbitrary sound and the random thing it stands for and that should be all there is to fill your mental lexical database. Words are the building blocks to sentences, but before you're ready to build a sentence there are few rules you must memorize. Then the movie "Letters not about love" should have been simple. State a word then state its meaning. For example, 'Dog' four-legged mammal that barks (incessantly if it lives next to me) and chases cats. End of statement, well except there is so much more. These poets and poets in general act like scavengers in a dark corner of a basement rummaging around in the clutter and finding treasure buried there. The treasure they are finding is some stray meaning for a thought. Bakhtin's statement "Language does not move through uncluttered space." is a true representation of this. Each time someone utters something it must move past your lexical database of meanings. This stray representation can add a dimension to a word like the strokes of paint from a paintbrush. Poets use this clutter like clay to mold an image of something in our minds; some of the things they overturn in this basement of clutter will mean nothing to some and everything to others. When Arkadii Dragomoshchenko wrote of his Grandmother and how he felt free of fear about her tight lips, her dark eyes, all of the different ways he described her, were words that really filled in the picture of who his grandmother was. Some of these 'words' weren't so far out of the ordinary but free of fear, there is some clutter overturned here. I immediately get the feeling of safety when I think free of free. My feelings of being free of fear came from somewhere else, I remember as a child, late at night I would have scary thoughts before falling asleep, then I could hear my father walking around downstairs, this filled me with a feeling of safety, free of fear, the scary thoughts wouldn't be so scary anymore.

Sherlock Holmes Essay example -- English Literature

Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective with his own series of books written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle between the late 1800’s and early 1900’s otherwise known as the Victorian era in England. The stories were set in London on Baker Street. The people of Victorian England loved Sherlock Holmes because he always got his man, and the police in their time could not get anyone. Another reason the English people from the Victorian era loved Sherlock Holmes is the way he solves the crimes. He is observant, intelligent, has a sense of humour, brave and makes deductions very well from almost nothing. Sherlock is a tall slim man with sharp piercing eyes, square shoulders, and known for his hat and pipe, which he smokes quite a lot. He sometimes acts stupidly to catch criminals or uses role reversal and take the criminals for fools. Sherlock Holmes is seen as an amateur detective that you can count on. In â€Å"The Red Headed League† Holmes shows he is truly a great detective by changing personalities to handle the suspects. He uses sarcasm, intelligence, his ability to appear calm and relaxed, sense of humour and of course his deductive and observant mind. In this story, however, he mainly uses his observant mind and sense of humour. ‘Until the comical side of the affair so completely over-topped every other consideration that both burst out into a roar of long laughter.’ He has the criminal copying from a dictionary for no reason, which is quite amusing. Then he uses both his sense of humour and observant mind when he says ‘Behind the obvious fact that he has at sometime done some manual labour, that he takes snuff, that he is a freemason, and that he has done a considerable amount of wri... ...lso, since Sherlock Holmes was a cocaine addict like most middle class people at the time, it appealed to them along with the fact that he was like the justice they were not receiving because he always got his man. The stories are popular today because they are set in London but not modern London Victorian London. Since they were written in the Victorian period the plot and structure of the original stories are seen to be well written, very imaginative and including a variety of characters, crimes and types of clues. Also since the police in the Victorian era couldn’t solve anything Sherlock Holmes was seen as a hero because he would always solve his crimes in a unique and flawlessly constructed way and since he was the first literary super hero working to help the underdog modern day people, including me, have to respect his stories, like them or not.

Comparing the Fall of Man in Eve Speaks and Miltons Paradise Lost :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Fall of Man in Eve Speaks and Paradise Lost Over the course of time, there have been many interpretations of man's fall from grace, as   told by the Bible.   Among the literary interpretations are those of John Milton's Paradise Lost and the American poet Louis Untermeyer's "Eve Speaks."   John Milton's epic poem deals with the entire story of man's fall from grace, including background for Satan's motives.   Louis Untermeyer's "Eve Speaks" was written about Eve's thoughts, many years after she was   forced to leave Eden.   While both poems are derived from the same biblical root, they offer different interpretations of man's fall through Eve's motives, her attitude toward Adam, and her attitude toward her sin.   In Paradise Lost, Eve was tricked by Satan, who assumed the form of a serpent, into eating from the Tree of Knowledge.   Satan had whispered into her ear when she was asleep, and when he spoke to her later, he used his cunning to mislead her: He ended, and his words replete with guile Into her heart too easy entrance won. Fixed on the fruit   she gazed, which to behold Might tempt alone, and in her ears the sound Yet rung of his persuasive words, impregned With reason, to her seeming, and with truth; (Paradise Lost, 733-739).    Louis Untermeyer's interpretation of Eve's motives in "Eve Speaks", were very different in their implications.   He suggests that Eve was not tricked by Satan, but instead she made a conscious decision to eat the forbidden fruit.   Eve thought that man was created for more than living in Paradise; She was seeking for a greater world:   The thought that there was something more than joy, Beyond perfection, greater than singing peace And tranquil happiness, vexed all my hours. ("Eve Speaks" 31-34)    Eve reached these conclusions through the traits that she perceived in Adam.   He was strong and had a brain designed to "dream and mould".   According to Eve, he was designed for "fiercer things and lustier worlds".     Another glaring dissimilarity between the two poems was the in which Eve perceived Adam. Milton's Eve felt inferior to Adam; When Eve was trying to decide whether or not to share the apple with Adam,   one of her reasons for not sharing was so that she could be his equal, if not his superior.   After she gave the apple to Adam, her demeanor turned even more submissive.   This was in agreement   with the traditional 17th century view of women.   Louis Untermeyer gave Eve a more domineering position; In "Eve Speaks", Eve acts for the

Metaphysics Essay

Plato vs. Freud on Metaphysics Plato and Freud have made great strides in their respective fields of study. Both men have made a lasting impact on the way we now as humans view the world that we live in. Plato and Freud have similarities in views that they share but they also have some differences metaphysically. Plato believes that what is ultimately real are ideas, he believes that images are imperfect representations of the perfect concepts. While Freud believes what is physically real is by the evolution of man. Freud ultimately puts his faith in what he can see and analyze in front of him instead of what he cannot. Freud developed a â€Å"talking cure† which he would let the hysterical patient talk freely about the earliest occurrences which would then entirely eliminate the patient’s symptoms.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦developed the idea that many neuroses (phobias, hysterical paralysis and pains, some forms of paranoia, and so forth) had their origins in deeply traumatic experiences, which had occurred in the patient’s past but which were now forgotten–hidden from consciousness. The treatment was to enable the patient to recall the experience to consciousness, to confront it in a deep way both intellectually and emotionally, and in thus discharging it, to remove the underlying psychological causes of the neurotic symptoms.† Plato answers the question of metaphysics by saying of ideas and ideal forms and Freud answers the metaphysical question through his belief in human nature. For Plato what is ultimately real are ideas and Ideal forms. Plato believes that the object was constantly changing so the ideal form is what was ultimately real. Everything in existence has a form of perfection for itself. All things in the physical world work in their existence to approach their perfection. An object, living or dead, always works in some way or another to meet its nature. For example, if you have a brand new table in your house the brand new table itself is not perfect. It is not perfect because the table itself is in a constant state of change. There is however a perfect ideal form of the table that does not change. â€Å"It is most of all from Plato that we get the theory of Forms, according to which the world we know through the senses is only an imitation of the pure, eternal, and unchanging world of the Forms.† While on the other hand Freud believes ultimately what is real is physical matter the whole universe is in evolution, which means he believes in no God or Gods. He concludes that all religious beliefs are illusions that have little proof. Freud also believed that the evolution that man had endured from the beginning to where he stood presently is what is ultimately real. â€Å"The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, whose practice began in 1885, believed that each person’s subconscious mind was fraught with desires stemming from earlier phases of evolution. These desires, suppressed by modern society, accounted for much of neurotic behavior. Likewise, an individual’s personality was at least partially determined by heredity.† Freud believes that evolution plays a very pressing role in the lives of humans and that is what is real in the world. Further, what is ultimately real about humans is that man is the highest and most complex of all living creatures whose personali ty is composed of three interacting parts—the Id, the Ego and the Super-ego. The Id (or it) part of the psyche is the primitive instinctive component of personality. It consists of all of the inherited biological components of personality including the sex life. The Id is impulsive and unconscious and responds immediately to the instincts of human beings. The personality of a newborn child is all id and later it starts to develop ego and superego. The ego develops in order to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision-making component of personality. The ego only satisfies the id on the realistic terms sometimes compromises to avoid negative consequences of society. The superego incorporates the values and morals of society, which are learned from one’s parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 – 5 during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. Through all of these different stages in personally there are some check and balance stages that go along with stages. For example if the id wants something that is wrong and the ego lets the person have such thing, guilt can come into play. â€Å"The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and the ideal self. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to id demands, the superego may make the person feel bad though guilt.† Freud and Plato have made great strides in influencing the world after their work in their respective fields was completed. Freud has influenced many great psychologists after him and Plato has done the same in his respective field of philosophy. Freud influenced the minds such as: Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, Alfred Alder, Erik Erikson, and Carl Jung. Freud’s influences in his field were great toward the constant search for a deeper analysis of how the mind works. â€Å"His work supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes and he also offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behavior. His work and writings contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical psychology, human development and abnormal psychology.† Plato as well left a lasting impression on philosophers after him. He gave great insight to know the world around him works and functions. Plato’s ideas were used to jus tify some religions and certain academic subjects. Plato gave a lot to the teachers and scholars after him. â€Å"In his lifetime he was the most celebrated teacher of his day. After his death his ideas were taken up by countless other thinkers. Philo of Alexandria used Plato’s ideas to give a philosophical framework to Judaism. Early Christian writers eagerly embraced Plato’s thought as the best available instrument for explaining and defending the teachings of the Bible and church tradition. Of the Christian Platonists, St. Augustine of Hippo was the best known and most influential. Plato’s influence spread into Islam as well, through the writings of the philosophers Avicenna and Averroes.† Freud and Plato are not just polar opposites they have things in common as well. They both thought that trouble in the human soul/mind arises when the three parts don’t work in harmony with each other. Plato thought that the key to such harmonious relationship was to yield control to the rational soul; after all, he was the founder of the rationalist program in philosophy. Freud, on the other hand, concentrated on dealing with the id by means of psychoanalytical techniques. The difference of these men is clearly seen but they also have ideas that intertwine them. Plato thought the human soul, which we now call the mind, was made up of three parts: appetitive, rational, and the spiritual soul. Freud in turn in his career built a system around Plato’s comparable ideas. The system was: id similar to the appetitive soul, ego similar to the rational soul, and superego similar to the spiritual soul. Both men have given the world a foundation to build upon and expand their theories. References Brickhouse, Thomas, and Nicolas D. Smith. â€Å"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.† Plato []. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. Thornton, Stephen P. â€Å"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.† Freud, Sigmund []. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. KR, Holmes. â€Å"Result Filters.† National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. Lorenz, Hendrik. â€Å"Ancient Theories of Soul.† Stanford University. Stanford University, 23 Oct. 2003. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.

Does Internet Enhance or Reduce Social Interaction Essay

Papers like HomeNet publications have been following the effects, positive or negative of Internet on its users. The findings are interesting as it reports both positive and negative results. Initially the effect was negative on those who relied heavily on internet for communication. However that scenario has changed with time. Current studies no longer show the overall negative effects of the past. Using internet to communicate with families and friends as well as being involved in community activities has been on the rise. Negative effects are generally experienced by people with less support economically and introverts and positive effects experienced by people with good social resources and extraverts. Some people who have integrated internet into their ordinary lives have generally benefited, but they now experience new social problems. These problems are highlighted in this discussion in depth and a summary made in a table. Those internet users who find communication important, have good reason to expect that Internet has positive social impact on their lives. For such people communication, including contact with neighbors, friends, and family, and participation in social groups, improves their level of social support. To them interacting with internet gives them fulfilling personal relationships, a sense of meaning in life, and commitment to social norms with their communities. Their psychological and physical well-being (Diener et al. 1999; Cohen and Wills 1985; Mirowsky and Ross 1989;). They think through the use of internet for communication, they could have important positive social effects on individuals (McKenna and Bargh 2000), groups, organizations (Sproull and Kiesler 1991), and communities (Hampton and Wellman 2000), including society at large (Dertouzos 1997; Hilts). Just like the telephone did, they think broad social access could increase people’s social involvement, and facilitate formation of new relationships (Fischer 1992; Wellman 1996). People who are generally isolated could find new social identity and commitment (Katz and Aspden 1997). Isolated members of communities could participate in group organizations at a distance (Sproull and Kiesler 1991). Internet is also handy for political mobilization (Bonchek 1997). Whether Internet has positive or negative social impact depend upon the quality of the people online, their activities and what they give up to spend time online. Stronger social ties generally lead to better social outcomes than do weaker ties (Wellman and Wortley 1990). As we go through the discussion we find that the ease in communication that internet offers has encouraged people so much that they now spend more time alone, talking online with strangers and very little time with their communities. Increasingly people are connecting to each other through the internet, and looked at positively, one would say internet has increased the frequency of communication among its users. There are pertinent issues to look at today regarding our social interaction compared with the past: †¢ Has our social relation one-to-one improved or diminished? †¢ Has it provided more evidence of the difference between our virtual self and real self? †¢ Has our group interaction improved or diminished? Users of internet are socially withdrawn because they are most of the time lonely and hooked onto the net. Research has found that the more people are online, the more they become socially isolated ( James E. Katz). The study further shows that people who are constantly online the more they become isolated from social life and that there is a relationship between depression, stress and strength in social ties created by extensive use of the internet. This on the extreme can weaken the social ties that people normally have. Robert Kraut who is a researcher in the field and professor in the Department of Communication at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N. J. is the leading author of the study. However the finding has been seriously challenged as inadequate and lacking in rigor. The critiques say there needed to have been a control group used for comparison purposes and that the sample size was too small. On the contrary, computer experts are quoted as saying internet has greatly increased their human interaction. They say that they can now meet more people than ever before. But sociology experts say this is more a manifestation of people in a state of denial than the truth. But the truth is that there are two divergent views about computers and its social effect on people. Hoffman and partner Tom Novak at Vanderbilt University’s Project 2000 have for example have conducted a collaborate research with Georgia Institute of Technology in which they find many web users find the net browsing enriching and satisfying and that they are usually left in a happy state of mind far from being depressed. Philip Aspden, executive director of the Center for Research on the Information Society, surveyed 2,500 Internet users and found no evidence of social withdrawal. The study found that online participants are no less likely to join religious, leisure or any community organized activities than people who aren’t online. Virtual interaction is the norm in internet activities. People using portable computers can work in one office, one project without necessarily being physically in a place. They could be several kilometers away and do everything together that they could do in one environment, one office, and location. They can talk and hold meetings and discussions together. Internet has made the world look like a one local village. The issue is what is the social implication of this arrangement? Is it positive or negative socially? The answer is positive because the physical location can be anywhere most convenient for the individual. It can be your house / study room, supermarket; or inside your car. People work better when they operate from premises of their liking. Negative because supervision, control, co-ordination and monitoring becomes difficult. People find such arrangements new and odd though not necessarily bad socially. With time we shall be used to it and our sense of belonging will change. In this discussion we try to bring into focus the positive and negative social impact of internet. However we seem to agree that internet users have more social problems than usual. They are among other things withdrawn from normal social life and in virtual solitude as is commonly known. It is interesting to hear what some of these people say. Please allow me to quote some experiences from people who use internet. â€Å"Every time I go through the process it seems more and more like a religious ritual. When I reflect that I am connected to thousands or millions of people across the world, I forget that I am seated in a solitary confine of my computer room. I admit it is a strange feeling, one that I really like to the extent that I forget the social pleasure I normally find socializing with people outside there. Sometimes I also get frightened that I am beginning to like my computer mediated communication (CMC) better than talking with most real people with whom I come into daily contact face to face. Though I find it sad to say, I have never enjoyed serious discussions before where people say what is in their heart. Social opportunities and even academic opportunities for such discussions are dwindling. Our culture has become more and more trivial and superficial. † Through CMC people can find intellectual stimulation. It is easily available and comfortable. But the human touch is more natural and more satisfying. We are social animals and we need to meet and chart. Intellectualism has its time just as social life also has its time. The other negative aspect of internet is privatization which was introduced by Marshall McLuhan. This theory states that as entertainment and information becomes readily available to people, they are less likely to seek them outside their homes. As that happens, social interaction is becoming less and less frequent. We can select the people to talk to and use special words and mode of communication. Soon we shall be out of touch with the real world where we have different type of people needing different types of communication. My entertainment, amusement, and even communication have become private rather than public. Family people have very little time for each other because they spend all that time on the net. The young ones are the most affected. During the day, they are out in school and their parents are out for work. When they come home they cannot meet either, because everybody is busy with internet. When will they talk or learn from the parents one would ask? All that they imitate are programs from the internet, some very weird indeed. As parents we might overlook and despise the experience we got through social interaction with our peer groups and communities while we were young. It taught us to be at peace with our environment. In this environment there is richness found in diversity. The diversity found in behavior and culture of its people. We come to be more informed that the world is made of both order and disorder and become equipped to handle both occurrences. That is how we have been molded to be strong and resilient. The world of internet is denying our children that freedom and experience. Children never play together at home and very little in school. Computer mediated communication CMC is a new phenomenon in the computer world. There are other technologies more commonly used such as e-mail and interactive chat on the internet. These modes of communication have both bad and good sides. They have made communication, fast, easy and affordable. The physical location of the people we communicate to is no longer a barrier. We talk to people anytime anywhere by a mere touch of a button. When we play with our peers and join social clubs we meet people and friends and that is healthy for our body and mind. We are able to do some exercise which our body needs to avoid aging. We use our bodies more than our minds. To conclude my analysis on the effects of the internet talking about pornographic ideologies is no new phenomena as it is one of the high condemned vices of the internet as it is being used in all ways. Income generating activities, a source of employment to others but highly exploitative and seriously abusive in all ways, it ranges from child pornography to adult pornography.

A Letter to Seamus Heaney Commenting on His Poetry Essay

Coimisià ºn na Scrà ºduithe Stà ¡it State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2005 English – Higher Level – Paper 2 Total Marks: 200 Wednesday, 8 June – Afternoon, 1.30 – 4.50 Candidates must attempt the following:†¢ ONE question from SECTION I – The Single Text †¢ ONE question from SECTION II – The Comparative Study †¢ ONE question on the Unseen Poem from SECTION III – Poetry †¢ ONE question on Prescribed Poetry from SECTION III – Poetry N.B. Candidates must answer on Shakespearean Drama. They may do so in SECTION I, The Single Text (Hamlet, As You Like It) or in SECTION II, The Comparative Study (Hamlet, As You Like It) INDEX OF SINGLE TEXTS Wuthering Heights Silas Marner Amongst Women Hamlet As You Like It − Page 2 − Page 2 − Page 2 − Page 3 − Page 3 Page 1 of 8 SECTION I THE SINGLE TEXT (60 marks) Candidates must answer one question from this section (A – E). A WUTHERING HEIGHTS – Emily Brontà « (i) â€Å"Heathcliff deserves the sympathy of the reader of Wuthering Heights.† Write a response to this statement, supporting your views by reference to the text. OR (ii) â€Å"The novel Wuthering Heights portrays a clash between two worlds represented by Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange.† Discuss this view of the novel, supporting your answer by reference to the text. B SILAS MARNER – George Eliot (i) â€Å"The story of Silas Marner has the magic of a fairy-tale, which leaves the reader feeling good about people.† Write a response to this view of the novel, supporting your answer by reference to  the text. OR (ii) â€Å"Godfrey Cass is not perfect, but, in the eyes of the reader, he is always a better man than his brother, Dunsey.† Write your response to this statement, supporting it by reference to the text. C AMONGST WOMEN – John McGahern (i) â€Å"Michael Moran undoubtedly loves his sons, but his love contributes little to their happiness.† Discuss this view of the relationship between Michael Moran and his sons. Support your answer by reference to the text. OR (ii) â€Å"Unlike the men, the women in Amongst Women support each other very well.† Discuss this statement confining your attention to the female characters in the novel. Support your answer by reference to the text. Page 2 of 8 D HAMLET – William Shakespeare (i) In your opinion, what is the appeal of the play, Hamlet, for a twenty-first century audience? Support the points you make by reference to the text. OR (ii) â€Å"We admire Hamlet as much for his weaknesses as for his strengths.† Write a response to this view of the character of Hamlet, supporting your points by reference to the text. E AS YOU LIKE IT – William Shakespeare (i) â€Å"Rosalind’s attitudes and qualities make her a very attractive character.† Do you agree with the above view? Support your answer by reference to the play. OR (ii) â€Å"The play, As You Like It, presents many opportunities for dramatic performance.† Write your response to the above statement, supporting it by reference to the play. Page 3 of 8 SECTION II THE COMPARATIVE STUDY (70 marks) Candidates must answer one question from either A – The General Vision and Viewpoint or B – Literary Genre. In your answer you may not use the text you have answered on in SECTION I – The Single Text. N.B. The questions use the word text to refer to all the different kinds of texts available for study on this course, i.e. novel, play, short story, autobiography, biography, travel writing, and film. The questions use the word author to refer to novelists, playwrights, writers in all genres, and film-directors. A 1. THE GENERAL VISION AND VIEWPOINT â€Å"Each text we read presents us with an outlook on life that may be bright or dark, or a combination of brightness and darkness.† In the light of the above statement, compare the general vision and viewpoint in at least two texts you have studied in your comparative course. (70) OR 2. (a) With reference to one of the texts you have studied in your comparative course, write a note on the general vision and viewpoint in the text and on how it is communicated to the reader. (30) Compare the general vision and viewpoint in two other texts on your comparative course. Support the comparisons you make by reference to the texts. (40) (b) Page 4 of 8 B 1. LITERARY GENRE Write a talk to be given to Leaving Certificate students in which you explain the term Literary Genre and show them how to compare the telling of stories in at least two texts from the comparative course. (70) OR 2. â€Å"Powerful images and incidents are features of all good story-telling.† (a) (b) Show how this statement applies to one of the texts on your comparative course. (30) Compare the way in which powerful images and incidents are features of the story-telling in two other texts on your comparative course. Support the comparisons you make by reference to the texts. (40) Page 5 of 8 SECTION III POETRY (70 marks) Candidates must answer A – Unseen Poem and B – Prescribed Poetry. A UNSEEN POEM (20 marks) Answer either Question 1 or Question 2. BACK YARD Shine on, O moon of summer, Shine to the leaves of grass, catalpa and oak, All silver under your rain tonight. An Italian boy is sending songs to you tonight from an accordion. A Polish boy is out with his best girl; they marry next month; tonight they are throwing you kisses. An old man next door is dreaming over a sheen that sits in a cherry tree in his back yard. The clocks say I must go – I stay here sitting on the back porch drinking white thoughts you rain down. Shine on, O moon, Shake out more and more silver changes. Carl Sandburg 1. (a) Do you like the world that the poet describes in this poem? Give reasons for your answer supporting them by reference to the text. (10) Choose a line or two that you find particularly appealing and explain why. (10) (b) OR 2. Write a personal response to the poem ‘Back Yard’. (20) Page 6 of 8 B PRESCRIBED POETRY (50 marks) Candidates must answer one of the following questions (1 – 4). 1. â€Å"The appeal of Eavan Boland’s poetry.† Using the above title, write an essay outlining what you consider to be the appeal of Boland’s poetry. Support your points by reference to the poetry of Eavan Boland on your course. 2. What impact did the poetry of Emily Dickinson make on you as a reader? Your answer should deal with the following: – Your overall sense of the personality of the poet – The poet’s use of language/imagery Refer to the poems by Emily Dickinson that you have studied. 3. Write about the feelings that T.S. Eliot’s poetry creates in you and the aspects of his poetry (content and/or style) that help to create those feelings. Support your points by reference to the poetry by T.S. Eliot that you have read. Write an article for a school magazine introducing the poetry of W.B. Yeats to Leaving Certificate students. Tell them what he wrote about and e xplain what you liked in his writing, suggesting some poems that you think they would enjoy reading. Support your points by reference to the poetry by W.B. Yeats that you have studied. 4.

Effect of Landslipe

Effects of Landslides Landslides are a major catastrophe the world as it is widespread andsignificant impact, including Malaysia. The effects of catastrophic landslides isdangerous to humans and to other living thingsFor example, the slope of the saturated with water to form debris flows or mudflows. Concentrated mixture of rock and mud may destroy the trees, houses, andcars and blocking the bridge. Mud mixed with river flow can cause devastatingflooding along the route. Similarly, the ice floes formed in the river caused by ice clogging the rivers andflows more slowly.However, it can produce enough energy to destroy the bridge. Icemay accumulate on the edge or on top of weak layers of snow or unstable causescrash occurred. Pyroclastic flows (pyroclastic) arising from dust debris of ash, poisonous gasand hot rock from volcanic eruptions that spread quickly to eat anything that traveledto the effects of destruction and death. Among the social effects that can be described as: 1. Econo mic Decline Landslides are certainly cause damage to property. This brings losses to theeconomy of a country. Economic rehabilitation is also needed in the area that hasexperienced a landslide.This would cost a lot and some of the offending countryeconomy. Example:1. A average, these landslides caused loss of $ 1-2 billion U. S. dollars and 25disaster in the United States each year. 2. At Utah, U. S. , in 1983, the total cost to repair the landslide area of 500 milliondollars and it is financing the cost of the most expensive landslide in U. S. history3. Loss due to landslides in the United States is estimated at 1. 5 billion dollarsannually. 4. Earthquake the earth Loma Prieta in October 1989 caused thousands of landslides covering an area of 5400 square feet.Causing losses of at least $10 million dollars . 2 . Damage To Infrastructure. Landslides can lead to damage to property resulting from the force flow or mud. Infrastructure land such as buildings, roads, places of leisure and so on can bedestroyed by the landslide occurred. Example:1. Destruction a building and placement. 2. Land massive collapse can cause the destruction of a city. 3. Damage to roads4. Affect communication system of roads and communication systems. Loma prieta5. Earthquake the earth in October 1989 resulted in tens of thousands of experienced landslides with an area up to 5400 square feet.Cause affectedroad communication system, property damage and destruction of homes. 6. At Alpine Valley, as a result of the City causing damage to the bridge flows asa result of the power flow. 7. Slip Estate Park Hill View occur on 20 Nov 2002 destroyed a bungalow. 8. May 15, 1999, thousands of residents in housing estates and the InternationalBukit Wangsa Ukay in Jalan Hulu Klang trapped when a landslide occurred inthe 100 meter event 5:20 am that closed the only road out into theneighborhood 3. Loss Of Life.Loss of life is a dangerous effect upon the occurrence of a landslide and it isdifficult to a void. Many lives will be lost upon the occurrence of landslidesExample:1. Landslide Estate Park Hill View occur on 20 November 2002 destroyed ahouse killing eight bungalows and family life. 2. Landslide in Highland Tower, Ulu Kelang cause of 48 people were killed andmany injured. 3. Landslide in Wales in the UK involves the rotation of the fine debris thatoccurs on hill slopes have been destroys a school causing 144 people werekilled, including 116 school children involved, aged 7 to 10 years. . Changes In The Surface Landscape. Landslide causes significant changes in the landscape of the earth's surface. Pile of soil and mud from the landslide activity caused the high ground may be flatand settling sediment can become thick very quickly. Consequently, dam rivers or lakes become more shallow to hold a lot of water. Water level becomes higher andthe ground becomes waterlogged areas. Landslides can also cause soil or rock slope becomes increasingly steep andunstable.